Martial Law in Philippines Analysis

Martial Law in Philippines Angelique M. Musni BSED Physical Science 3-1 Mr. Roel Robles History Analysis October 12, 2012 Martial Law in Philippines I. Introduction Martial Law was proclaimed by Ferdinand Marcos the 6th president of the Philippines on September 21, 1972. Dictatorial in which he will able to control, rule, and manipulate people through his power. He was a topnotch law student. Since he argue at the Supreme Court accusing him as a murderer, because of his ability as a sharp shooter. He quickly gained supporters because of winning against it. Even in his love life he considered it as a political. Related article: Reflection Paper About Martial LawHe married Former First Lady Imelda Marcos for his own intention. He has his own plan that’s why he proclaimed Martial Law. He wanted to stay as a president for longer time. II. Content In a documentary I watched Garcia (1997). He said that 1969, elections came around when Marcos run for his second term, and that was the dirtiest, fraudulent ever. When that election came rise in dollar out bared. That was the most expensive election. On 1971 after the Plaza Bombing, Filipinos don’t have trust, due to disappointment to Marcos. Marcos opponents in that election won that’s Liberal party in which people who became the victim of Plaza Bombing.On 1972 all of the people contradict to Marcos or his enemies were arrested by police and the military. Including Benigno Aquino became his mortal enemy. Many people arrested. Nobody knows what is happening because all of the media controlled by Marcos all you can hear is just mu sic. The government set Plebiscite to produced new constitution but soon he realized that he might lost because all people are in favor for Benigno and Diokno so he changed it to voting through raising hands, even kids were allowed to vote and then they will going to ask, who wants free food, because of poverty many people will raised they’re hands.Marcos did consult to Richard Nixon about his plan. Richard Nixon didn’t stop him because Richard wanted to prevent the spread of communism. New constitution formed under military rule, whose purpose is only for him. All of the people against him were go to jail, and worst is killed there are also Filipina Women who got raped. Media were being controlled by him, only government can control media only favorable news about them were being reported. At first country showing good economy, but as soon the truth revealed, continuous corruption occurred. People don’t have right to express their freedom.The result of this is the decreasing economy, increasing debts. Support of America Government vanished as they realized that Marcos didn’t works towards democracy. Many Filipino people suffer in this authoritarian government. Armed Forces of the Philippines are the one who accompanied the rule of Marcos. Even his friend Primitivo Mijares chief propagandists on the regime of Martial Law of Marcos, but sooner became the enemy of Kokoy Romualdez, brother of Imelda Marcos. He even breaks off unto regime of Martial Law. Primitivo wrote a book named â€Å"The Conjugal Dictatorship†.He exposed the truth behind Marcos regime. Including his love life affair to an American artist do exposed in the book. Later Mijares disappeared many people believed that Marcos agents at U. S. killed him. Until now the body of him has not been found. Incidents about abusing people don’t reveal on regime of Marcos. All of the media were remained working but they wouldn’t allow to revealed bad side about Marcos. He even abused many people and killed many innocent people. It was being proved that Family Marcos did abuse many people on the contrary they should pay ten thousandths people in return.Until now Marcos Family didn’t accept that they all abused many people Marcos stated that he will make the Philippines a Land reform area, he will going to distribute it on peasants. At the end of his term not more than four percent get their land. He even stole and get some of the companies of Lopez Family, Lopez Family were rich, owning lots of company, Marcos wanted it all, Geny Lopez was accuse to assassinate Marcos that’s why he arrested him. For Geny’s freedom Marcos ask to give the companies to him in return. Lopez, gave what he said, But Marcos didn’t give the freedom for Geny.He fooled Lopez instead. He won his freedom when he escaped from prison. Marcos makes a group consisting of his friends and relatives called Cronies. This group aims to have all the w ealth in Philippines. His wife Imelda Marcos did enjoy the luxury of her life, spending money of the government. . Imelda Marcos stated that there were no Filipino’s being executed or murdered at Martial Law times. Imelda Marcos been called as an Iron Butterfly because of her beauty and toughness of steal. She’s been the secret weapon of Marcos. She became the minister of Human Settlements.She signed deals on different country. She even put all up some buildings, many people said that Imelda spent 1 million US dollar, just for her daughter’s wedding. Involve the renovation of the said Church for the wedding after several months due to earthquake the Church collapsed. Another one is the Manila Film Center, this building been rushed for the said occasion. According to the reports the two floors collapse and many construction workers died and even buried on the Film Center, Imelda Marcos denied that there are no people buried at the Film Center she said she never l eft dead people there.Today Manila Film Center is an empty useless building and now, planned to demolish. For sort of reason U. S America under Jimmy Carter, Marcos push to do the National Assembly Elections. With that Benigno Aquino allowed to run but not to campaign, but he had given a chance to appear on Television on March 10, 1978. With the help of Benigno Aquino and others they formed a new alliance that is against Marcos Regime which was named â€Å"Laban†. They believed that many of their votes won’t be counted so they think that they should make a noise barrage. This noise barrage last for one night.Benigno Aquino didn’t wont at the election because of cheating. The rich Filipino exiles in US make a movement which was called â€Å"Light A Fire Movementâ€Å" and â€Å"April 6 Movement† this aim to strengthen many Filipino’s to write and speak for their freedom. 1918 Philippines economy got weak. U. S. president also changed and that is R onald Reagen. Santo Papa will visit Philippines so Marcos removed the Martial Law and do the Presidential Election. Marcos won, against his opponent. Through cheating he won and the rumor was Marcos was the one who funded the opponent so that people would believe that was true.Nothing changed when it comes to his power. Marcos forced to give freedom to Benigno Aquino because of his sickness. He’s afraid Benigno Aquino would die in prison and blame by many people. After that, Benigno continue fighting at U. S. Benigno Aquino planned to go home in Philippines but he didn’t allow by Marcos regime, He faked his passport for him to be able to travel. By the time the airplane landed he was shot by the gun. Former Senator Aquino died. Many Filipino’s attended his burial and gave their Sympathy. This Reason made Filipino people to continue and fight for their freedom.This lead to People Power I. Marcos did surrender because of threat that people will kill him. Corazon A quino wife of Sen. Benigno Aquino, give way for the restoration of Philippine Democracy. III. Analysis In an article I read Bajala (2012). He said that he have fully realized the merciless oppression of the dictator. He has known some of the countless stories to be told by prominent characters and also ordinary individuals of their experiences during one of the dark ages in the Philippine history. He has seen the struggle of the country to regain democracy.Filipinos has fought for it since the past. From the Spaniards, to the Japanese then to the Americans. Filipino had won them all. The Martial Law is never an exception. The people once again showed their love for freedom, both in peaceful and active rebellions. We had shown our unity as we stand for our rights. We will always be fighting of whatever forces that might hinder us from our goal, to live progressively in a democratic nation. Well for me, Marcos is like Hitler who only wants satisfaction with their own self.A very selfi sh man who doesn’t even try to think about others, even said to people that he want only to serve his own country but revealed that he only want power. Filipino people ones proved that we can overcome many struggle. I have seen that lots of Filipino at Martial Law continued fighting just to get their freedom and regain democracy. Filipino proved that not all Filipino’s became afraid on fighting back their freedom. Even they suffered a lot. They still have hopes to continue. Marcos, became too greed that he doesn’t even think others life. I felt angry to Marcos. And felt Pity for people who abused by Marcos.I am proud of what Benigno Aquino and his wife done in our country. Benigno even made sacrifice also his wife for the democracy of Filipino people. They are heroes. Heroes, who don’t hesitate on helping they’re own fellowmen. They don’t show fear, instead they became brave and make Filipino their inspiration. So we Filipino’s we sho uld protect and give importance to the democracy given us by late Benigno and Cory. They were one’s a Filipino who aims to have a peaceful and prosperity life. We should thank them for what they did. Reference: Garcia, H. ., Apostol, E. ., et al (1997) â€Å"Batas Militar†

Essay on Charge of the Light Brigade

How is inner and outer conflict represented in ‘Romeo and Juliet’ and ‘the charge of the light Brigade’? Whereas ‘Romeo and Juliet’ contains a lot of inner conflict as well as outer conflict, Lord Tennyson’s ‘Charge of the light Brigade’ contains many techniques to enhance the conflict as well as glamorise the ‘light Brigade’ in various ways. Tennyson presents the cavalry men of the Crimean war (1854- 1856) as great victors and a powerful army. This glorious army is bragged about in the form of a poem by Tennyson.Imagery is one of the techniques which Tennyson uses to build the conflict up as a picture to let the audience visualise the conflict on the battlefield. He talks about the dangers the light brigade are up against as well as enemies, ‘cannon to the right of them, cannon to the left of them, cannon in front of them’ the light brigade are in a perilous position, the repetition of the phrase â €˜cannon’ nearly creates a picture in the audience’s mind of the cannons and dangers the light brigade are up against.This is a sense of outer conflict due to the fact that they are cavalry men with spears up against guns and cannons. In addition to this construction of imagery in the audience’s mind Tennyson uses metaphors to describe the walk of the light brigade into their deaths. ‘Into the valley of Death rode the six hundred’, The phrase valley of death indicates that the army is going to die, how ever the inner confliction here is that the army knows they are going to die, they almost walk into valley of death.The valley of death is probably a monument or a place where many others have fallen or a place of bereavement or a great genocide, this line is repeated at the end of every stanza but is varied eventually towards the end of the poem. Rhythm is also a technique which Tennyson expresses through out most of the poem for effects on the au dience. Repetition is also present in this poem on top of the regular fast-paced rhythm to poem. This regular fast paced rhythm is created by regular number of syllables in the lines, end rhymes (rhyming couplets), repetition of line structures and words along with repetition of variation of last line.For example the last line of the first couple of paragraphs is ‘Rode the six hundred’ which continuously repeats itself through out the poem however as soon as the audience approaches Stanza 4 they will all realise that it says ‘ they rode back, but not the six hundred’ this is almost the climax of the poem when the audience will start to realise that the light brigade are slowly diminishing in number, they are starting to be defeated in battle. This variation of the last line of stanza 4 tells the audience that the Light brigade are perishing in battle and are not the heroes they were at the beginning of the poem.So rhythm plays a huge part in the understandi ng of the poem, as well as enhancing the poem. As well as rhythm, Onomatopoeia also enhances the poem, to glamorise each stanza and increase the heroism of the light brigade and enliven the dangers and enemies the light brigade come across, ‘Volley'd ; thunder'd; Storm'd at with shot and shell’ the light brigade are being shot at and they are on the battlefield, the Phrases ‘volley’d’ and ‘Thundered’ emphasise the situation of the stanza and more or less make it easier for the audience to imagine the battlefield and the situation of the stanza.The conflict is shown through the Onomatopoeia and the way they emphasise the understanding the stanza and help with the imagination of the enemies. Sound also plays a huge part in the enhancement of the understanding and imagery of the poem, for instance ‘Shatter'd & sunder'd’ tell us how they were attacking or what their surrounding sounded like, this physical conflict is emphasised by the sounds and the words that describe the action and scenery.In total there are 6 stanzas (amazing fact), but did you know that each stanza has its own theme, for example the theme of Stanza 1 is ‘A league of their own’ or the theme of stanza 4 is ‘the fall’, the transition from stanza 1 to stanza 4 is almost a whole journey, the audience would have seen the heroism and then the fall of the brave soldiers. The themes help to build up the poem and the climax, this plan is a general base for the audience to know what to expect in each of these stanzas. The conflict is built up slowly over each stanza and then finally publicized.Duty and obeying in ‘Romeo and Juliet’ is one of the similarities as of ‘The charge of the light brigade’, in this case Juliet must obey her parents orders but most of all her fathers, for during those times it was a patriarchal society, so when her father asked her hand in the marriage of her and paris, s he had to obey, but she could not, due to her strong love for Romeo, this conflict against the order of the ‘boss’ of the house, this failure to follow orders will result in a loss, in Juliet’s case she will lose the love of her father and presumab y her mothers as well, her father will disown. Juliet will live but this is not the case for the light brigade, they must follow the orders of their commander, and if they refuse to follow orders, then it is a possibly different case, they would probably be Court Marshalled, this procedure will most probably end their lives. This commander made decisions and gave orders with out realising the dangers up ahead.This conflict, Either physical or inner, is shown through the Enhancers of the poem as well as the actions of the characters, these are represented in the most common of ways, Duty and obligation are common but not the consequences, both the poem and the play contain inner conflict, the inner conflict in ‘Ro meo and Juliet’ is shown through the words of Romeo and his inner confusion if this is his true love, and ‘the Light brigade’ must follow orders even if they wish other wise.Conflict overall is easier to identify in the light Brigade and is mostly outer and physical conflict which is emphasised by the techniques which glamorise the ‘light Brigade’ this glamorisation is the factor to which makes the Soldiers look like heroes. Essay word count: 1096

Human Behavior in an Organization Essay

In an organization there are lots of factors to be considered for the company to achieve its goals and objective and succeed. These factors include communication, motivation, leadership skills, personal characteristics of employees, interaction between and among employees and teamwork. Communication is significant in transferring information because the information to be transferred must be precise and accurate to avoid miscommunication. Failure to communicate proper information might cause a negative long-term effect on the company. Furthermore, miscommunication may result to personal conflicts between members of an organization. Persons or employees in the organization must feel motivated to achieve the goals and objectives that should be met. This motivation may come from personal factors, such as for family and self-competence, or external factors, such as salaries or benefits are tied to performance of doing a job. Highly motivated members are the ones who mostly done their job efficiently. Management must motivate employees for them to do their jobs efficiently and effectively so as to lessen any probable negative impacts to the organization. There is always a person or a group of persons that will initiate any activities done by an organization and we usually call these people as leaders. A leader must be sensitive to feelings of others but not to the extent that it would prejudice any undertakings made by the group. We see different kinds of leaders, there are those who are autocratic or who don’t listen to what others has to say but there are also those that listens, hears and considers the point of view of others. Conflicts may arise in an organization primarily because of the personal characteristics of each employee that are not acceptable to others. This should not be done because everyone is different in his or her own way. Conflicts between employees would result to negative effects that would cause to fail to meet the objectives. These problems between members must be resolve to build a better relationship between them and to be able to prevent this problems to arise again in the future. In any activity that an organization should do, teamwork must always be present. This is very important to achieve the organization’s goals and objectives efficiently. In a team, each one must do their part to help achieve the goal and not help prejudice the activity. In a team, together everyone achieves more, which means that if members would just work together, all of the objectives, even the least important objective will be met. There are weaknesses and strengths inside a group and this must be taken into considerations, to eliminate these weaknesses and improve those strengths. Team building activities may be done by the organization to improve the relationship between and among members so as to have a team that works together for a common goal. Hence, goal congruence arises, which is very important factor that must exist inside the organization. Thus, proper communication, motivation, leadership skills, relationships between members and teamwork must exist within an organization. In this way, any goals and objectives of the organization will be met. As long as each one of the members do their parts well, nothing could go wrong and the organization will be successful in any activities they will undertake.

Infection Control Practice in Acute Care Centers Research Paper

Infection Control Practice in Acute Care Centers - Research Paper Example The study will, therefore, try to answer several questions including what factors have led to such high infection rates and what is the relationship between skills and experience of caregivers and these escalating rates of infection. The essay will also analyze questions such as how can caregiver be supported in order to reduce the level of infection, and what strategies need to be implemented to make hospital environments safer? This study will be based on Kurt Lewin’s theoretical model of change. This is a classical three-step change framework for initiating change in healthcare environments. The three steps are unfreezing, change and freezing (Ziegler, 2005). Unfreezing, which is the first step, entails determining the main reasons for change and the necessity of change given the current circumstances. Change involves initiating the change process and transitioning to the next desired state. The final stage, freezing or refreezing is about finding stability after the change process (Ziegler, 2005). Using this theory, this study will first determine the reasons as to why change is necessary in order to reduce HAIs, initiate various change processes and establish stability. Hospital-acquired infections undermine the main objectives of treating patients and restoring their health through favorable environments such as healthcare setting like hospitals. Patients go to hospitals in the hope of recovering from their various ailments. However, due to different factors in the hospital environment, patients often end up acquiring other infections while still undergoing treatment (Gould, & Meer, 2011). This greatly affects the rate of recovery for these patients and threatens their lives. There have been several measures taken over the years to reduce the rate of these infections, but challenges still exist in both developed and developing countries. Among the

'Constitutional conventions are not law but nevertheless play an Essay

'Constitutional conventions are not law but nevertheless play an important role in the UK constitution.' Briefly define the - Essay Example An example is the convection that the United Kingdom prime minister cannot be in office unless he or she has the majority votes from the house of common.3 Enforceability in the court Constitutional convection can never be enforced by the court of law. This is because according to the supreme court of Canada 1981, the convection is mostly in conflict with formal laws postulated and courts bound to carry out the legal rules. This conflict between convection constitution and rule of law according to the court ruling, regardless of how well it is universally acceptable, can transform into law unless the parliament drafts a law or amend the constitution. By so doing the convection becomes a coded law; a principle referred to as authoritative.4 Since the conventions unenforceable by the law court, but rather by political processes they rarely are they included in law reports. The courts often recognize convection so as intelligently to discuss in broad the democratic system of government r esponsibility in its work. Such is in the case of the Attorney General v Jonathan Cape, whereby, the attorney general would have progressed if he had only based his argument in convection of collective ministerial responsibility. He based his argument on the doctrine of equity on breach of confidence.5 He used convectional fact to back his argument. Another example is the case Cartona v Commissioner of Works.6 The key reason as to why courts should not make use of the underlying constitution conventions to transform into law is because there exist no gap to cover, a case that seems hard appear so only when its focused on only constitutional law. According to Jennings, with the combination of conventions and constitutional law, it is vivid that the judges should appreciate the political means of enforcement instead of using underlying convectional principle as a way to convert constitutional conventions into judicial law.7 In the UK Politics, these connections are the ones that bring about true distribution of authority. A clear example is the role of sovereign power5 that seems to have same powers as the monarch on paper by exercising the royal prerogatives; the parliament can be dissolved by the sovereign. He also has authority to appoint and dismiss the government, ministers, prime minister and even deny her assent to any bill passed by the government. In the real sense, the sovereign does not yield any such power except on special circumstances. The operations of the UK government are in the hands of ministers elected and the officials acting under the law and royal prerogative residues. This entire establishment was through conventions.8 The conventions are binding non legal rules meaning that they are not part of law through pressure from the political class make it unrealistic, the members bound by these conventions do not break any rule by failing to bind by those law .9 Some conventions change over time, for example, prior to 1918, the UK cabinet had r equested a the parliament to be dissolved from the monarch, a request conveyed by the prime minister .Since then prime ministers request dissolutions

What significance should transnational actors and processes have for Essay

What significance should transnational actors and processes have for the foreign policy analyst - Essay Example It is mainly the role of the foreign policy analyst who is expected to take into account the transforming nature of the statehood which has been experienced and witnessed in the second part of the 20th century. This is derived from the different insights collected from a number of disciplines that include anthropology, sociology and social psychology. From one of the aspects of IR researchers have questioned the happenings during the last two decades. It has resulted in the argument by various scholars that the processes of privatization, internationalization and trans-nationalization have in a great way resulted in the transformation of how international politics are currently conducted. However, there is great level of competition that is faced by the privileged actors and the foreign offices. These are increasingly faced not only from the available ministries but also the agencies in the governments as well as the non state actors and the international organizations. In this paper, the trends that have resulted to the role and behavior of these actors as well as their processes on the foreign policy analysts and practitioners will be discussed. In addition, it will also analyze the role of the researchers in these activities. Therefore, in this case, a question is presented on the extent to which foreign policy analysis, the sub field of International relations that are actor centric has taken the various related accounts of non states actors who have currently become of growing importance to this subject. The Foreign Policy analysts have made a disapproval of viewing the state as a unitary actor. Because of this the scholars within the field of foreign policy analysis should make appropriate analysis in decision making to involve the non state actors within the first elements of international relations. However, most of the studies have revealed that foreign policy analysis is still focused on the state actors while it tends to

Mary, mother of god Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Mary, mother of god - Essay Example First off, the purity of Mary presupposes that she was planned by God to be the extra-ordinary person far from any stains. She is an etalon of the female immaculate power able to touch on each and every heart and soul. She was blessed before she was chosen to bear Jesus in her womb, and, therefore, she was free from the wicked human nature, i.e. from sins as they are (Sheen 38). Thereupon, one is to remember that the blessing of Mary spread over those who once chose Jesus as their savior. On the other hand, at the moment of Mary’s conception she became the first effect of redemption and order of mercy as she came to refuge sinners (Shea 29). Thus, by praying to Mary one should understand her initial significance in the scattering of the first and foremost teaching out of the gospel. To say more, Catholics should not get themselves into the pit of fallacies forgetting about the rest of the Bible and the predominant role of Jesus Christ in saving the humanity. Mary is the beginning of the universal virginity salvation as she was immaculate enough that God beloved her to be the Mother of Child. Shea unveils the need for seeking God’s wisdom between Mary and saints by saying the following words: â€Å"Looking to a florid prayer to Mary or a saint is an excellent way to get a grasp of how Catholics with a strong Marian piety feel† (30). This is why the rational of prayer to the saints rediscovers and allegedly opens the way toward better understanding of the Mystical Body of Christ, meaning the Church itself. Mary could crush the cobra’s head, so to speak, by means of her as a medium between holiness of God and sins of people around. Given that, it is vital to amplify that Mary is the Mother of the â€Å"greatest man ever born of woman† and piety of Catholics leads to pure and clear understanding of God’s will (Sheen 73). Hereby, Mary, promulgates the birth of Jesus who brought the World’s teaching so vivid and

Marketing of TelePacific Communications Case Study

Marketing of TelePacific Communications - Case Study Example It is evidently clear from the discussion that financial strength is one of the prime constraints of TelePacific which restricted them to promote the company across the world. Therefore, e-marketing will be an effective promotional tool to develop awareness among the people of the world. Moreover, the award received in 2010 has enabled the company to increase its annual revenue by 13% each year. Managing customers efficiently is an important competency of an organization dealing in the service sector. Maintaining long-term relationships with the existing customers and developing unique strategies will enable the company to retain and to attract new clients. Involving customers in planning future strategies of the company will influence them in maintaining long-term relationships with the organization. Moreover, employee satisfaction is also an important factor which should be dealt sophistically. The employees are the core communicators who interact with the customers. Thus, job sati sfaction and continued training programs are essential for enhancing the relationship among the customers and the organization. Managing the Customer Relationship TelePacific is renowned for providing excellent services to its customers along with quality network coverage. In order to measure the performances of their employees the company has implemented various metrics which create accountability and visibility across the organization. The metrics are reviewed every week on an organizational level discussing relevant issues and developing customer experiences through their services. One of the core commitments of the company is to enhance the relationship with the existing customers and to introduce innovative products for attracting new customers. Thus, Customer Relationship Management (CRM) is an effective tool for maintaining long-term relationships with individual customers. The strategies of CRM help create new and shared value for individual customers that leads to building preferences for the organization ultimately generating appropriate outcomes related to business results (TelePacific Communications, 2012) . The company enables customers for communicating with the top level management by providing them direct phone numbers regarding any issue. In addition, TelePacific can invite ideas from customers for jointly planning and developing values distinct to the class of customer. Furthermore, the management can collaborate with the distribution channels for enhancing individual customer satisfaction. Integrating customers’ suggestion into their technologies will develop their participation and involvement with the company. Moreover, e-marketing is growing rapidly as a competent tool for promoting a company and its products. Various strategies are being employed by organizations to attract the attention of the customers in order to promote their unique products and services offered. Social networking sites are quite common these days to promote c ompany’s products. The use of social networking sites has developed immensely among the younger generations and corporate. Therefore, generating awareness of the services offered by TelePacific through Facebook or Twitter will attract new customers. Furthermore, it gives the company an opportunity to interact directly with the individual customers and identify the common desires and evolving trends.  

Martha Stewart Livivng Omnimedia (MSO) Term Paper

Martha Stewart Livivng Omnimedia (MSO) - Term Paper Example 1) US Dollar Global Notes These notes are primarily issued by HP thrice in last decade including 2002 shelf registration, 2006 shelf registration and 2009 shelf registration. 2002 shelf registration consists of â€Å"$500 issued at discount to par at a price of 99.505% in June 2002 at 6.5%, due July 2012†. The other different types of bonds issued by HP, their face value, total amount, type of bonds (fixed, floating), maturity, interest rates and the issue prices are detailed below. These details are reproduced from the annual report of HP for the year 2010. 2006 Shelf Registration Statement: â€Å"$600 issued at par in February 2007 at three-month USD LIBOR plus 0.11%, due March 2012† â€Å"$900 issued at discount to par at a price of 99.938% in February 2007 at 5.25%, due March 2012† â€Å"$500 issued at discount to par at a price of 99.694% in February 2007 at 5.4%, due March 2017† â€Å"$1,000 issued at par in June 2007 at three-month USD LIBOR plus 0 .06%, paid June 2010† â€Å"$1,500 issued at discount to par at a price of 99.921% in March 2008 at 4.5%, due March 2013† â€Å"$750 issued at discount to par at a price of 99.932% in March 2008 at 5.5%, due March 2018† â€Å"$2,000 issued at discount to par at a price of 99.561% in December 2008 at 6.125%, due March 2014† â€Å"$275 issued at par in February 2009 at three-month USD LIBOR plus 1.75%, due February 2011† â€Å"$1,000 issued at discount to par at a price of 99.956% in February 2009 at 4.25%, due February 2012† â€Å"$1,500 issued at discount to par at a price of 99.993% in February 2009 at 4.75%, due June 2014† 2009 Shelf Registration Statement: â€Å"$750 issued at par in May 2009 at three-month USD LIBOR plus 1.05%, due May 2011† â€Å"$1,000 issued at discount to par at a price of 99.967% in May 2009 at 2.25%, due May 2011† â€Å"$250 issued at discount to par at a price of 99.984% in May 2009 at 2.95%, due August 2012† â€Å"$800 issued at par in September 2010 at three-month USD LIBOR plus 0.125%, due September 2012† â€Å"$1,100 issued at discount to par of 99.921% in September 2010 at 1.25% due September 2013† â€Å"$1,100 issued at discount to par of 99.887% in September 2010 at 2.125% due September 2015† 2) EDS Senior Notes: â€Å"$1,100 issued June 2003 at 6.0%, due August 2013† â€Å"$300 issued October 1999 at 7.45%, due October 2029† 3) â€Å"Other, including capital lease obligations, at 0.59%-8.63%, due in calendar year 2010-2024† The total book value of these debts is around $15,258 million after the subtracting the current portion of these debts which is part of current liabilities. The promising feature of the HP bonds or notes is that they are callable in part or in full whenever HP deems it necessary at the prices and criterion specified under its prospectus. These Global Notes are considered to be the senior unsecure d debt. As at October 31, 2010 the face value of the long-term debts that are maturing in upcoming years have been segregated year wise in table given below. These long-term debts are free from any fair value adjustment, premium or discount on issuance. â€Å"Aggregate future maturities of debt outstanding including capital lease obligations† 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Thereafter Total In millions $2,208 $4,272 $3,775 $3,720 $1,111 $1,691 $16,777 Source: HP Annual Report 2010 Derivatives Being a global company, HP normally faces interest rate changes and foreign currency exchange rate movement as a result HP hedges these fluctuations by utilizing

Language developmental pathways in middle school age Essay

Language developmental pathways in middle school age - Essay Example Middle school level education is an important factor which influences language and communication skills. Middle schools are schools that group students between the ages of 10 and 14. In some parts of the country, children from fifth to ninth grades are grouped together; in other parts, seventh- and eighth-graders are in one school. One of the most common middle school arrangements groups children from sixth to eighth grades.   As children grow they experience physical, intellectual, and emotional changes. The way they learn, feel, see the world, and relate to other people becomes different from when they were younger. It is from this age that a strong foundation for communication skill must be provided. Most parents feel Parents feel that athletics can teach their youngsters how to compete with others and also how to function as part of a team. There is, however, another activity which can help young children learn to be part of a team but which places less emphasis on competition and which is, in addition, less gender specific than athletics. That activity is debate. Debate is one of the ways that boosts up communication skills and way of expressing one’s views authentically. The main aims of conducting debates are enhancements of critical thinking, academic advancement and development and promotion of communication skills. A single topic is distributed among two or more groups in which some groups support the topic while the others would oppose it by expressing their views on that topic. Sodikaw (1985) believes that debate helps students develop the emotional maturity to win and lose graciously; acquire the social skills necessary to work with a colleague and compete against other students; and use spoken English in an increasingly sophisticated way. Huston (1985) stresses that the student should be encouraged to become adaptable to many different styles of communication. McClain (1989) argues that debate should be seen as a cooperative rather than a competitive endeavor. Some educators feel that debate should become more audience centered and focused on community issues rather than on tournaments (Stepp, 1989). Many college students who are involved in debate feel that the emphasis on tournament debating makes them too argumentative in everyday life. For younger children, a focus on developing communication skills rather than on competition in debate fosters attitudes of open-mindedness, fairness, and tolerance for the viewpoints of others. (Atwater, 1984) . The other way would be conducting speeches courses. A topic would be given and the student would be asked to prepare on it and deliver the speech. This not only increases knowledge regarding the topic but also removes

Critical Evaluation of Current Integrated Marketing Communications Essay - 1

Critical Evaluation of Current Integrated Marketing Communications Practice - Essay Example nufacturing units almost in every countries of the world and there is a positive response from the customers about the vehicles of ford in those countries. The company has been able to establish successfully in the automobile markets of USA and UK because of the good response of their vehicles in those markets. The company manufactures vehicles that can be afforded by both middle class people as well as the higher sections of the society. At present Ford motors is the second largest manufacturer of vehicles in the United States (Energy UK, 2014). The company adopts the strategy of mass production in order to attain a greater portion of the market share in the automobile sector. Conversely, the effective strategies that are being implemented by Ford motors are the key to success for the company. Among the strategies, the integrated marketing communication strategy is incorporated by the company, which serves as the most beneficial to communicate with the target customers and thereby c ompete among other large automobile manufacturers of the world. Integrated Marketing Communication (IMC) serves as most effective for Ford motor company as it is an integrated approach taking into consideration various aspects of the marketing communication including sales promotion, advertisement, maintaining public relations and direct marketing. The Unique Selling Proposition (USP) for the company is that it integrates all the above stated approaches without considering them as being isolated from each other (Percy, 2008). However, the IMC practices have become one of the major tools for the company that has further helped in strengthening the overall strategy for the company and thereby supported in establishing a significant position in UK and US markets. The integrated marketing practices are being implemented by majority of the large automobile manufacturers because of the positive response attained from the implementation of the strategy. Large number of renowned and

Themes in Othello Essay Example for Free

Themes in Othello Essay What are the major themes we have encountered in William Shakespeares Othello, so far in the play? Excellent wretch; Peridition atch my soul But I do love thee: and when I love thee not, Chaos is come again. - Othello. There are many complex themes in Othello; it is a play full of very diverse characters. This contrast of characters gives the text its many themes and in turn, makes it a very interesting and compelling play. Love Whenever I think of this text and its themes, there is one that always stands out in my mind; love. Whether it is the marital love between Othello and Desdemona, or the unrequited love Roderigo has for Desdemona, it is something that heavily features throughout this play. Where we see love most often depicted, is the love between Desdemona and Othello, and the problems it causes. Carol Thomas Neely supports this idea that marital love is one of the main themes in the play, and that because of this the primary conflict is between men and women. Jealousy It is clear to see that the fire behind numerous conflicts in this text is jealousy. It is one of the primary reasons that Iago is so persistent in his destruction of Othello, and why Roderigo is so willing to help Iago in his scheming ploys. In my opinion, Iago displays the most jealous tendencies right from the start, stemming from the fact that Othello chose Cassio for the job of lieutenant, and not him. I know my price, I am worth no worse a place. It might also have something do to with Iago thinking that Othello has slept with his wife; Emilia. I hate the Moor And it is thought abroad that Itwixt my sheets Has done my office. I know not if it be true; Yet I, for mere suspicion in that kind, Will do as if for surety. D. R. Godfrey examines the portrayal of jealousy in Othello, and states that Iago exhibits an all encompassing jealousy and because of this Iago becomes the most completely villainous character in all literature. Racism What a full fortune does the thick lips owe if he can carryt thus. This is one of the many racist slurs Iago uses when referring to Othello throughout the play. Othello is black, so I was expecting racism to be a relatively prominent theme, due to the time that this is set in. However, thick lips is a stereotypical view of someone from black origin, yet Othello is shown to be a hero; honest and honourable, which would have been quite startling to the Elizabethan audience, considering that black people in plays were always portrayed as villains. It is clear to see that Shakespeare challenges racial stereotypes right the way through this piece, something that Ruth Cowhig supports. She says that Shakespeares depiction of Othello as a noble character was challenging stereotypes. The majority of racism spoken throughout this text undoubtedly comes from Iago. Whenever he is talking ill of Othello, he refers to him as The Moor. Ruth Cowhig also writes about racism being another of the primary reasons for Iagos hatred towards him. Manipulation Iago makes manipulation another of the prominent themes. He uses it constantly in a bid to get whatever he wants, as a means of belittling people and to put a smoke screen up so that no-one suspects he has ulterior motives. The language he uses helps him manipulate people to the full extent. He comes across as very loyal and honest, even though the reading audience knows he is scheming. I should be wise, for honestys a fool, and loses that it works for Here, he is saying that being honest is a bad thing, and that he will not be honest again. Of course he is referring to what he has been telling Othello about Cassio and Desdemona. He manipulates Roderigo on numerous occasions, but no- one does he manipulate as much as Othello. Iago picks and picks away at him until he is so insecure he contemplates awful deeds. The consequences of Iagos manipulation become abhorrent in Act Three, Scene Three. Avaunt, be gone: Thou has set me on the rack: I swear tis better to be much abused, than but to knowt a little. Othello comes across as a broken man, and its all down to Iagos manipulation and lies. Kenneth Muir believes that the reason Othello believes Iagos lies so easily, is because he is already insecure and allows himself to be influenced by him. The four themes I have chosen to write about; Love, Racism, Manipulation and Jealousy, in my opinion, best display the texts complexity. It is a piece full of characters that, at some point, will display at least one of these themes. Shakespeares use of these themes and how he applies them to each character has made Othello one of the greatest pieces of literature ever to appear in the literary world. I am not what I am. This extremely provocative quote by Othello sums up not only himself, but much of the play as well. No-body is completely as they appear, thus bringing up the question of what exactly is Iago? An avenging angel possibly, come to show people their true selves? Bibliography Othello: Jealousy. Shakespeare for Students. Ed. Marie Rose Napierkowski. Vol. 1. Detroit: Gale, 1998 Othello: Race. Shakespeare for Students. Ed. Marie Rose Napierkowski. Vol. 1. Detroit: Gale, 1998. Mabillard, Amanda. Othello Analysis. Shakespeare Online. 19 Mar. 2000. Word Count- 988 words. Samantha Gibson Show preview only The above preview is unformatted text This student written piece of work is one of many that can be found in our GCSE Miscellaneous section.

Group Work On Presenting A Health Topic Nursing Essay

Group Work On Presenting A Health Topic Nursing Essay Individuals get together to form a group in order to accomplish a specific goal or task. The task was to work as a group and present a health topic by participating in a health fair. The process of preparing for the health fair included developing a needs assessment tool, creating a teaching plan, making a display board, and creating an evaluation tool. In order to analyze group process, it is necessary to look at the developmental stages of the group and the concepts involved in group decision making, conflict, and cohesion. The knowledge of group concepts can help me adjust to various roles in the health care team and how to be prepared for future challenges as a Registered Nurse. Discussion Decision Making Tuckmans model is a theory used to evaluate how a group is developing. Dimock and Kass (2007), describe the five stages of group growth called forming, storming, norming, performing and adjourning. Forming of the group takes place in the beginning stage, and tasks are distributed amongst the group. Group members are involved in making a number of group decisions that include how to organize and distribute the work, when to meet, and how to approach the goal. Group decision making can be described as the process of moving from a diverse set of individual positions or preferences to agreement on consensus choice for the group (Kerr Tindale, 2004). For example, the decision on which health fair topic to teach to the public was made on consensus. There were a number of similar topics on how to promote health to the community. Two groups had nutrition and it was decided that both groups could have the same topic but have different focuses. Our group had importance of breakfast while the other group focused on fast food. Also, groups were placed at different ends of the school so information could reach a wide variety of people. Group members possess prior knowledge and expertise, which can be distributed within the group effecting group performance (Rulke Galaskiewicz, 2000). Student D had background knowledge in computers and was given the task of calculating the results of the questionnaire. Student C had excellent communication skills and was able to hand out the questionnaires to several people. When designing the learning needs assessment tool and the overall look of the display board, it was decided that student A would be assigned this task because of previous skills in arts. Other decisions based on consensus included, when to meet up as a group because it was important that each group member was there to contribute to the work. It was difficult to get together because of other priorities, family, work, and school. When making the learning needs assessment tool, it was decided that each member would bring a few questions each, to makeup the questionnaire. Also, decisions of what to bring to the health fair and how to present the information took group effort and decision making. When a consensus is not made as a group, conflict can occur causing problems of reaching the goal. Conflict Conflict is a normal stage of group development and can be seen in the storming stage of Tuckmans model. According to Jehn Mannix (2001), conflict occurs when group members have incompatible views and differences. Conflict can be characterized in three group called relationship, task and process conflict. Relationship conflict is when group members are not getting along causing tension and friction. For example, student E did not finish her journal on the date the group decided on. Also, student E was late coming to meetings and made decisions on their own without consensus of the group. This caused tension amongst the other group members and feeling of frustration towards student E. Task conflict is a difference of ideas and opinions regarding group task (Jehn Mannix, 2001). For example, when making the display board, students worked in pairs or individually and not as a group. Student C was unclear of what pictures should be used for the board and student A started placing pictures onto the board without group collaboration. There was a difference of ideas of what the board should display and how it should be displayed. Jehn Mannix (2001), define process conflict as an awareness of controversies about aspects of how task accomplishment will proceed. Process conflict pertains to issues of duty and resource delegation, such as who should do what and how much responsibility different people should get. This can be observed when making the learning needs assessment tool. The group made it clear of what task each student was assigned to do. During this assignment, each student had to bring in three questions to make the questionnaire. Student A did the typing, B and C were to collect the information and put it together, while student D and E had to do the reference. Student E decided to do the assignment on her own which created conflict. There was no communication or decision making process as to how to create the questionnaire. The group could have handled this conflict differently by understanding group member roles and how they impact each other. Cohesion The group can be seen at the performing stage where interpersonal conflict has been resolved and a feeling of belonging to the group has been formed. In the performing stage, the group has a high degree of autonomy and work towards accomplishment of goals (Dimock Kass, 2007). For the health fair presentation, the group coordinated well in bringing the ideas of all group members. Student A gathered all the information to be displayed on the board. Student B and E chose the breakfast food items that were to be handed out. Student D was knowledgeable in how breakfast can affect student performance. Also, student C was able to get the message across to the public about the benefits of eating breakfast. Towards the end, group members understood each other better and became comfortable about being part of the group. Learning These concepts are important as a Registered Nurse because leadership is an important quality. Leaders are skilled in thinking reflectively, communicating, making decisions, solving problems, and working with others (Sullivan Decker, 2005). This assignment has helped to practice and improve on my role as a leader and increase my confidence in this role. I hope to develop strong leadership abilities to meet the challenges in the role change to Registered Nurse. Working collaboratively, resolving conflict, communicating in an assertive manner are skills that students can learn to practice in groups. These skills are also valuable to new nursing graduates (Rideout, 2001). As Registered Nurses have opportunities for several leadership positions the need to increase knowledge of group process is important. According to Rideout (2001), applying principles of group dynamics to interactions with families and community groups during care is a part of everyday work of nurses. An example of a leadership role is a nurse as an educator. Nurses provide health teaching to clients and share expertise to team members. The ability to function as an effective team member requires the ability to take on different roles (Dimock Kass, 2007). Conclusion In conclusion, the health fair assignment has helped me to learn how to approach decision making, deal with conflict, and become a member of a team. It was a great learning experience to get out into the community to do health teaching. Being able to bring people together outside of the classroom and have fun teaching others about the importance of healthy eating. Using self-evaluation and being aware of these concepts can improve my leadership skills as a Registered Nurse in the health care team.

Men Cheat On Partner For Sexual Reasons Psychology Essay

Men Cheat On Partner For Sexual Reasons Psychology Essay Abstract According to most of the literature available, men cheat on their partner for sexual reasons (Wilson, Mattingly, Clark, Weidler, 2011). The aim of this study is to gain an in-depth understanding of the reasons that lead men to cheat by taking a mens point of view. The sample consisted of six male participants who are in a committed relationship and who presumably never cheated. The participants were never asked whether they had cheated or not. Data collection consisted of semi-structured interviews, which were audio recorded. This data was then analyzed by Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis. Findings showed that mens reasons why other men cheat on their partners are related to emotional justifications rather than sexual ones. Moreover most of the opportunities presented were thought to be found at the workplace, with certain employment positions thought to lead more to unfaithful relationships. Certain social interactions were though to lead towards infidelity. Furthermore all the participants believe that certain personality types are more likely to get involved in extra-dyadic relationships. Some limitations need to be acknowledged in this study. Findings might have been different if I have not interviewed men who come from similar educational backgrounds, Future research might want to consider the perspective of men who cheated. Keyword: infidelity, males perspective, emotional dissatisfaction, opportunities Dedication I would like to dedicate this dissertation to all the people who supported me throughout this process, especially to my family who always believed in me. Acknowledgements I would like to express my utmost gratitude to my supervisor Ms. Mary Ann Borg Cunen for her support and guidance in the course of my research. I would also like to thank all the participants for sharing their ideas and beliefs with me. Finally, my special gratitude goes to my family and my boyfriend for their love and support. Contents Abstract 3 Dedication 4 Acknowledgements 5 Chapter 1 8 Introduction 8 Rationale for the study 8 Motivation for the study 8 Background to the study 9 Objectives of the Study and Research Question 9 Chapters Overview 10 Chapter 2 11 Literature Review 11 Biological Perspective 11 Evolutionary Perspective 12 Social and Cultural Context 13 Attachment Theory 14 Parental- investment model 16 Relationship Infidelity and Personality Traits 16 Motivations for Infidelity 17 Dissatisfaction with Primary Relationship 18 Ego Bolstering 18 Education 19 Religious Affiliation 19 Types of Affairs 20 Gender Differences and Attitudes 21 Types of Infidelity 22 Conclusion 23 Chapter 3 24 Methodology 24 Research Design 24 Sample 25 Data Collection 25 Procedure 25 Research Instruments 26 Data Analysis 26 Ethical Considerations 27 Reliability and Validity 28 Conclusion 28 Chapter 4 29 Results and Discussion 29 Primary Relationship Dissatisfaction 29 Opportunity and Personality 32 Social interactions 36 Conclusion on the research findings 38 Chapter 5 40 Conclusion 40 Implications of the Research 40 Limitations of the study 41 Recommendations for Future Research 41 Conclusion 42 References 43 Appendix A 51 Appendix B 52 Appendix C 53 Mistoqsijiet 54 Appendix D 55 Appendix E 56 Appendix F 61 Chapter 1 Introduction Infidelity is defined as a severe interpersonal transgression in which one or both of the partners engage in extra dyadic relationship, going against the rules of monogamy and exclusivity (Drigotas, Safstrom, Gentillia, 1999). Researchers on infidelity identify two types of betrayal sexual or emotional. Sexual infidelity refers to the act of sexual activity with someone else other than ones partner, while emotional infidelity involves developing an emotional connection with another person apart from the committed partner (Wilson et al., 2011). Rationale for the study Research has been carried out to shed light on the motivations that lead men to extra dyadic relationships. A number of factors have been found, mainly depending on the relationship type and on factors related to the individual (Treas Giesen, 2000) However, other than the wish for sexual intercourse, I have not found a complete presentation of the reasons that lead men to infidelity. Given the lack of research about infidelity from a males point of view, I am interested in conducting this study to understand better a males perspective on the reasons that lead other men to cheat. Moreover, most of the past research has been carried out quantitatively, while I would like to obtain in-depth perspective through qualitative research. Motivation for the study The reason for choosing this research topic stems from a personal interest, as a close friend of mine has been cheated over by her husband. I became curious about the reasons that men give for their infidelity. I used to believe that men cheat mainly to satisfy their sexual desires. Thus, in view of this, I decided to research this topic further in order to understand a mans perspective about infidelity. Background to the study Infidelity is one of the most cited reasons for divorce. It is also the most damaging to the individual, since it may cause emotional distress (Wilson et al., 2011). The betrayed person may suffer harmful consequence, these affecting him both on a personal and relationship level (Boekhout, Hendrick Hendrick, 1999). Brown (1991) states that infidelity has always existed and will continue to exist. Even though the majority of couples disapprove of extramarital relationships, statistics indicate that there is a high percentage of married couples who engage in unfaithful relationships (20% to 40%) (Peluso Spina, 2008). Moreover, according to Brown (1991), affairs have little to do with sex. They are about fear and disappointment, anger and emptiness, they are also about the hope for love and acceptance(p.13). Past researchers have related infidelity exclusively to extramarital sexual intercourse, but through the research available today other acts of betrayal are being considered, like intimate emotional infidelity, online infidelity and secret relationships (Zola, 2007). Objectives of the Study and Research Question I am interested in researching males ideas and beliefs regarding infidelity, with particular emphasis on the perceived perception of what are the reasons that men give for other mens infidelity. Using data collected through opportunistic sampling, my study focuses on males who are in a committed relationship and who presumably have never cheated, even though they were never asked if they ever cheated, and examine the reasons why they think other men cheat. During the interviews an in-depth understanding of mens infidelity and the causes leading to it were explained. The following research question will be addressed: What are the perceived reasons men give for other mens infidelity? Chapters Overview The aim of this chapter was to present a brief overview on the literature available on the topic as well as to provide an outline of the rationale for choosing this topic, the objectives and the research question of this study. Chapter 2 will present the respective literature about infidelity, in particular that concerning male infidelity. Chapter 3 will provide a detailed explanation about the methodology used for this study. Chapter 4 will provide the results of this study, comparing them to the literature from previous research. In the final chapter I will present the studys limitations, its implications and will also make some recommendations for future research. Chapter 2 Literature Review This chapter assesses the theoretical perspectives behind the motivations that lead men towards unfaithful behaviour. It is fundamental to have an appropriate definition of what infidelity means, as it gives a better understanding about the reasons behind infidelity. Infidelity used to be defined as extramarital sexual involvement, but nowadays the meaning is more inclusive. A more appropriate definition of infidelity proposed by Zola (2007) is (1) an act of an emotional and/or physical betrayal characterized by behaviour that is not sanctioned by the other partner; and (2) that has contributed to considerable, on-going, emotional anguish in the non-offending partner (p.26). Biological Perspective Research has been carried out to see whether any correlation between an individuals genetic component and infidelity exists. It was found that men with relatively high levels of testosterone show prolonged interest in sexual activity outside their current committed relationship, also tending to have a greater number of sex partners and a higher number of extra-marital affairs (OConnor, Daniel, Feinberg, 2011, p. 65). With respect to women, levels of testosterone during the menstrual cycle indicate an increased possibility in engaging in infidelity (Welling et al., 2007 as cited in OConnor et al.). Moreover, Garcia et al. (2010) found that individuals with genetic variation of the dopamine D4, called 7R +, were more prone to infidelity or promiscuity. In their research, 50% of the participants with 7R + reported being unfaithful when compared with 22% of participants who did not exhibit this genetic variation. Garcia further notes that his findings are not cause-effect related, since people without these genetic variations can also commit infidelity. In another study conducted by Cherkas, Oelsner, Mak, Valdes Spector (2004) on female twins about the correlation between genetic influence and infidelity, demonstrated that heritability in sexual infidelity exists (41%). Even though biological factors were proven to be relatively correlative with infidelity, social and culture influences should still not be ignored as they influence attitudes towards infidelity (Cherkas et al.). Evolutionary Perspective Evolutionary theorists have argued that infidelity has always existed in one form or another among human couples and research has addressed a growing number of issues surrounding this phenomenon (Fricker, 2006). For both females and males, reproduction and sexuality are the driving force for mate selection and relationship formation, most of the time acting unconsciously within the person (Hill, 2008). According to Trivers, (1972, as cited in Buss, 1995), females have evolved to be more selective in their choice of mating partners since they are the ones who invest more in their offspring, so they exert greater selection pressure. In fact women are less likely to sleep around (Buss, 1998) while males evolve to be more competitive with same sex members to protect themselves from cuckoldry  [1]  costs (Kuhle, Smedley Schmitt, 2009). Women are oriented towards long-term relationships while men prefer short-term relationships, showing less selection strictness (Buss Schmit, 1993). This lack of austerity allows men to have a wider range of sexual partners, therefore having higher availability alternatives. In a study conducted by Stone, Shackelford and Busss (2007), results demonstrated that when there are more females in a society, males lower their standard to further their offspring. In fact, according to evolutionary theory, males are more likely to cheat for reproductive success while woman cheat to find a superior mate. Furthermore, Drigotas and Barta (2001) suggest that if one of the partners does not perceive the relationship as rewarding, they tend to leave the dyad and move elsewhere. Mating strategies are time consuming, so after successfully attracting a mate, males adopt different retaining strategies (Kuhle et al., 2009). Since males cannot be sure of their paternity (Buss 2000 as cited in Sabini Silver 2005), they might be afraid to raise a child who is not biologically theirs (Hughes, Harrison Gallup, 2004) so males might be endowed by genes that make them react to sexual infidelity. Moreover, because maternity is always certain, females do not perceive sexual infidelity as a threat because they are not going to invest in an offspring which is not biologically theirs. It is the emotional engagement with another female which however triggers jealousy in women, as they fear abandonment (Sabini Silver). Social and Cultural Context According to Brown (1991) an increase in affairs has to do with moral breakdowns in our society (p.9). Others blame aspects like opportunity, physical separation (Glass Wight, 1992), sexual liberalization and the changes that came along with womens emancipation. Human behaviour is shaped through socio-cultural factors, hence to understand better the reasons behind infidelity one should also consider outside influences (Brown). With the economic changes that have taken place in recent decades, families have faced drastic changes in their daily lives. Couples used to work together on farms, but today both work long hours having little time for each other (Brown, 1991). Social context gives more opportunity to engage in infidelity. The workplace gives the possibility to get closer to someone else (Treas Giesen, 2000; Wiggins Lederer, 1984). Glass states that 46% of unfaithful wives and 62% of unfaithful husbands who visited her clinic had an affair with someone who they met at work (Brown). Moreover jobs that require personal contact put the person more at risk of infidelity (Treas Giesen). Biosocial theory is an alternative to the evolutionary theory proposed by Wood and Eagly (2002) to explain infidelity. Women and men engage in different behaviours according to the social roles associated with their gender. These roles are attributed to physical differences. Costs and benefits from choosing a particular mate depend on social roles, and will be socially transmitted between cultures. Since males are unable to reproduce this gives them greater power over women. According to Charles, (2002 as cited in Agius, 2010), monogamous relationships are unhealthy because they block the natural instinct of humans (p. 16). Schmookler Bursiks (2007) research concluded that males perceive monogamy as a sacrifice, whereas females perceive it as relationship enhancing. Nowadays a lot of couples are opting for cohabitation instead of marriage, but according to Dolcini et al. (1993 as cited in Treas Giesen, 2000) the prevalence of infidelity amongst cohabiting couples is higher than in marriages since they invest less in their union and face less costs when having to leave the relationship. Attachment Theory Attachment theory is another study of evolutionary theory to explain emotions children experience when separated from their primary caregiver (Donovan, 2010; Hill, 2008). Bowlby, found that the first few years of a parent-child relationship are decisive in developing emotional attachment, this resulting from a secure and comfort state with their caregivers. Through the emotional attachment formed with their caregivers, children develop what Ainsworth and colleagues (1978, as cited in Hill) called internal working models that will help them to understand relationships and react to them emotionally throughout life (p. 285). Furthermore, the attachment style with the caregiver will determine an individuals personality component and will influence also future relationships (Donovan). Hazan and Shaver (1987) focused on the parent-child relationship and the effect on romantic and sexual relationships during adolescence and adulthood. They found that those who experienced a secure attachment with their parents tend to experience satisfying committed relationships which are stable and durable. On the other hand, those with an anxious-ambivalent personality style enter romantic relationships more quickly but are also prone to ending them quickly. Individuals who experienced an avoidant attachment style are more likely to avoid any involvement in a romantic relationship. Bartholomew and Horowitz (1991, as cited in Hill 2008) proposed a fourth attachment style, dismissing attachment and this with reference to individuals who prefer to be more independent and not having to rely on others. According to the adult attachment theory, the type of emotional bond experienced with the caregiver is expected to occur when it comes to emotional bonding between adults (Fricker, 2006). Bogaert and Sadavas (2002, as cited in Hill, 2008)) study on young adults found that individuals who score higher on anxious attachment are more likely to engage in infidelity (especially for women). Similarly, in Allen et al. (2008) study, men with dismissive attachment styles and women with preoccupied attachment style tend to have a large number of partners outside their primary relationship. Moreover, Blow and Hartnett (2005) found that women who have preoccupied attachment style and men who have a fearful attachment style are more likely to cheat. Parental- investment model According to Trivers (1972, as cited in Buss, 1998): Parental investment can be defined as any time, energy, or, effort expended to aid the survival and reproduction of one offspring at the expense of other forms of investment, such as effort devoted to intrasexual competition. (p. 21) Since parental investment can be costly, females need to be selective with whom to engage sexually. Sex differences in reproduction leads to different fitness strategies. For males, mating with different women puts them at a reproduction advantage to safeguard their genes and pass them on to the next generation. On the other hand, women are limited in reproduction, hence they need to protect themselves and their offspring by choosing a mate with high genetic qualities (Hughes et al., 2004). In fact, women are more attracted to males who possess good genes and who are caring and ready to commit resources for their offspring (Hill, 2008). Women also tend to give greater importance to mates who are economically stable and socially dominant. Conversely, men prefer younger, healthy, and more physically attractive women (Yeniceri Kokdemir, 2006). As a matter of fact, males mostly value the waist-to-hip ratio and the body mass index, as these are associated with youthfulness and attractive women, thought to be indicators of health and capacity to reproduce (Hill, p.362). In fact women are more intimidated by opponents who are more physically attractive, while men are more threatened by rivals who have strong social status and stability (Hill). Relationship Infidelity and Personality Traits In a study carried out amongst fifty-two nations, using the Big Five personality traits, a relationship is evident between different personality traits and relationship infidelity (Schmitt, 2004). Four traits appear to be related to sexual behaviour; extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness and neuroticism. Exhibiting low levels of agreeableness and conscientiousness is associated with infidelity and impulsive sensation- seeking (Orzeck Lung, 2005; Schmitt). Barta and Kiene (2005; as cited in Blow Kelley, 2005; Wilson et al., 2011), found that attitudes toward uncommitted sexual relationships are good predictors of infidelity, such that people who have a favourable attitude towards infidelity are more likely to cheat. Additionally, those who report being unfaithful in romantic relationships tend to be uncooperative and lack trust (i.e. disagreeable), disorganized and unreliable (i.e. unconscientiously) which is likely to lead to infidelity during the first four years of marriage (Orzeck Lung, 2005; Schmitt, 2004). On the other hand, a Machiavellian personality, psychoticism and psychopathy which are rooted in low agreeableness and low conscientiousness are strong predictors of high sensation seeking (Schmitt). Eysenck (1976, as cited in Schmitt, 2004) further found that extroverts tend to have multiple partners, are more sexually active and engage in sexual intercourse at a young age. They are more likely to be unfaithful because of high libido or due to the need to raise their habitually low levels of cortical arousal to a more comfortable level (p. 303) in order to overcome boredom (Orzeck Lung, 2005). Since they are always in need of new stimulation, they lack commitment investment (Drigotas et al., 1999). According to Buss and Shackelford (1997 as cited in Orzeck Lung, 2005) couples who have similar personalities are more likely to be satisfied with their relationship, while dissimilar personality characteristics could decrease satisfaction, leading to infidelity. Motivations for Infidelity Many researchers have examined the reasons for extra relationship involvements. According to Glass and Wright (1992 as cited in Boekhout et al., 1999), there are four classes of infidelity justifications, these being sexual, emotional, love (which entails falling in love and receiving attention), and extrinsic motivations. Even though men and women give similar justifications for their betrayal, research has shown that some sex differences do exist. For women, relationship dissatisfaction is a higher contributor to infidelity, while for men factors like sexual incompatibility and lack of communication lead to infidelity (Roscoe, Cavanaugh, Kennedy, 1988). Dissatisfaction with Primary Relationship People in committed relationships expect certain needs to be fulfilled by their partners (Boekhout et al., 1999). When these needs are lacking, they seek them outside the primary relationship. The investment theory (Rusbult, 1983) explains that cheaters perceive themselves as being more pleasing, exploited and taken advantage of, so they would look for appreciation in extra relationship involvement. Conversely, when they feel that their needs are being met they tend to be faithful (Orzech Lung, 2005). Research shows that relationship dissatisfaction is a high contributor to infidelity (Blow Kelley, 2005; Brown, 1991; Glass Wright, 1985). Furthermore, dissatisfaction with a primary relationship increases the desire for extramarital relationships, whereas Cuber and Haroff (1965, as cited in Glass Wright, 1977) state that affairs are not exclusive to bad marriages but may also occur in good marriages. Among those that engage in extramarital sex, women tend to be more dissatisfied with their relationship than men (Blow Kelley, 2005; Brown, 1991). For women, the primary motivator to extramarital sex is emotional dissatisfaction (Glass Wright, 1985) while for men it is related to sexual dissatisfaction (Brown). Poor communication and unresolved marital problems are also related to infidelity (Brown). Ego Bolstering Pittman (1989 as cited in Brown, 1991) assigns complete responsibility for an affair to the infidel and views the partner as a victim (p.21). Men are likely to commit extramarital sex due to low levels of self-esteem, hence exhibiting feelings of insecurity. In fact, Eaves and Robertson- Smith (2004) found that the lower a mans self- esteem is, the most likely he will be unfaithful. In a relationship where men perceive their masculinity as being threatened, they tend to engage in an affair (Chircop, 2008). Moreover anger and revenge could be a motivator leading to unfaithful relationships. In this case, the choice to hurt back a partner would be a conscious one (Cachia, 2007). Education Studies in evaluating whether a correlation between education and infidelity exist or not vary. Treas and Giesen (2000) acknowledge that individuals who are highly educated tend to be more permissive towards sexual values and infidelities (Blow Hartnett, 2005). In a study conducted by Atkins et al. (2001 as cited in Blow Hartnett) graduate participants were 1.75 times higher to engage in extramarital relationships than those with a lower education. These researchers also state that this finding is significant amongst individuals who are divorced. Religious Affiliation The great influence of Puritan values on American and later on European cultures contributed to less tolerance towards sexual betrayal as it came to be viewed as morally unacceptable (Scheinkman, 2005, as cited in Zola, 2007). Even though some researchers like Blumstein Schwartz, (1983, as cited in Blow Hartnett, 2005) state that there is no correlation between attendance at religious services and infidelity, other studies report that attendance at religious services leads to lower rates of infidelity (Treas Giesen, 2000). Liu (2000) suggests that it might be the case that couples who attend religious services might be exposed more to the condemning messages of extramarital affairs. Moreover, their social network might be tighter, hence allowing them more to adhere to social norms (Blow Hartnett). In a study conducted by Amato and Previti (2003, as cited in Allen et al., 2008), religiosity played a great role in whether to engage in infidelity or not. In fact higher religiosity c an inhibit infidelity due to mechanisms such as less permissiveness attitudes (p. 244). In another study, Azzopardi (2011) found that couples who practice religion are more likely to be faithful, while low religiosity is correlated with infidelity. Amongst the Maltese society, Catholicism is highly viewed and great respect for the doctrines stance of low-tolerance towards infidelity still exists. However, things have changed since Tabones study, which dates back to 1987, where the majority of his sample participants declared that they would not be unfaithful because it is against Gods Commandments (as cited in Cachia, 2007, p.6). More recently, Abela, (2000) has stated that in todays society, the Christian religion has little influence on affairs. Even though religion might not affect infidelity, still it can prevent infidelity to some extent. Types of Affairs Brown (1991) recognizes that different types of affairs exist; in fact she identifies five. The conflict avoidance affair takes place when individuals are afraid of speaking up when they do not agree with their partner because they want to be seen as good persons and fear being abandoned. Others seek an affair because they are afraid of getting intimate with someone. This type of affair is known as the intimacy avoidance affair. Sexual addiction affairs exist among men who indulge themselves in sexual activity to numb inner pain. In the case of the split self affair, both the spouse and the adulterer put the needs of others in front of theirs. Contrary to the sexual addict affair, here it is the marriage that feels empty and not the individual. Usually the affair is passionate, and serious. The last type of affair is the exist affair. Brown, describes these individuals as conflict avoiders at heart (p.41). Both partners are aware that their marriage has finished, but still the adulte rer justifies his action to leave the marriage for the affair instead. Gender Differences and Attitudes A lot of research has been carried out to identify the incidence rate of affairs between males and females. However a simple conclusion cannot be reached because it depends on age, primary relationship type and the type of extra dyadic relationship (Hill, 2008). Even though the majority of married couples expect a monogamous relationship and condemn extra dyadic relationships (Allen et al., 2008), still between 20% to 40% of all couples at one point in their life, engage in infidelity (Peluso Spina, 2008). Several authors have concluded that men engage more in unfaithful relationships and are more permissive about extra-dyadic sex than women (Hill, 2008; Treas Giesen, 2000). However, Margie Scarf (1987 as cited in Brown 1991) points out that 55% of married men and 45% of married women engage in unfaithful relationships. Due to the increasing number of women who work, opportunity to engage in infidelity is increasing as well (Larson, 1988 as cited by Brown). Besides, Atwater (1982, as cited in Brown) explains that there is a higher rate in affair participation amongst young women than men. Larson (1988 as cited in Brown) still recognizes that there is a gender difference when it comes to affairs because females consider infidelity to be more serious than males. In a local context, Cachia (2007) carried out a study to highlight both differences and similarities in infidelity amongst males and females. Results revealed that both sexes considered infidelity to be wrong yet still engaged in it. Another study was conducted by Agius (2010) to investigate if there are any sex differences when it comes to infidelity. Even in this study, results showed no significant difference between genders when it comes to being unfaithful. Glass and Wright (1977) recognised that there is a relation between attitudes toward infidelity and behaviour, especially for men. More favourable attitudes towards infidelity are associated with greater predictions towards the likelihood of engaging in sexual infidelity (Treas Giesen, 2000; Wilson et al., 2011). Blow Hartnett (2005) assert that attitudes toward infidelity may also depend on prior sexual experience. Premarital sexual experiences are correlated with extramarital affairs; in fact, Atwater (1982 as cited in Brown 1991) states that the more experience an individual has the greatest the likelihood of him being unfaithful. Types of Infidelity An affair can be sexual, emotional or both (Brown, 1991). Sexual infidelity refers to sexual activity with someone else outside the primary relationship while emotional infidelity refers to the attention and romantic love channelled towards someone else besides the long-term partner (Shackelford, LeBlanc Drass, 2000). Men perceive sexual infidelity as being more distressful and unacceptable, whereas women are more upset when it comes to emotional infidelity. This difference is explained by the evolutionary perspective model because it reflects the challenges our ancestors faced in reproduction (Treger Sprecher, 2011). Buss and his colleagues (1992, as cited in Boekhout et al., 1999) found that 60% of men will be more distressed with sexual infidelity, whereas 83% of women are more distressed with emotional infidelity. Women believe that men engage in sexual activity without any emotional attachment, so when they fall in love women perceive this type of affair as more distressful. On the other hand, men know that women may fall in love without engaging in sex and that they will have sex only with the one they love, so they perceive sexual infidelity as more distressful (Treger Sprecher). Men mostly view extra dyadic relationships as having no consequences on committed relationships since they are more like

Essay --

Compare how Shakespeare and Hardy present situations where their characters’ love and relationships are influenced by the need to uphold appearances within society, with particular reference to Othello and Tess of the d’Urbervilles This essay will explore the social interactions between characters, the effects of appearance on their relationships and how this drives them to make certain decisions. This includes how the claustrophobia of their society is portrayed and its effects through form, style and literary techniques. All four texts explore the conflict between public and private selves. In Othello , Shakespeare reveals the taboo surrounding an interracial sexual relationship between a black man and a white woman during the Sixteenth Century. In Hardy’s Nineteenth Century novel Tess of the d’Urbervilles , we see the clash between sexuality, laws and codes of the time. I will compare these texts to The Franklin’s Tale and Pride and Prejudice , looking at how the rigid codes of courtly love impact on male and female behaviour within relationships and how the social and cultural attitudes and values of Regency England influence young women in their marriage choices. In both primary texts, the parents of the main characters struggle with the practice of exogomein and endogomein. In Othello, Brabantio adopts a motherly role, guiding Desdemona towards an acceptable marriage. Yet the marriage she chooses is exogamous. Brabantio sees through Othello’s high rank, royal blood and Christianity, casting a shadow over the relationship between Othello and his daughter due to Othello’s skin colour, unacceptable within that Venetian society. Desdemona lives within a patriarchal society and is objectified and commodified. Brabantio strugg... ...entally to mete out her demise. Empathy is felt for her as she realises self-worth is the polar opposite to the superficiality of social standing. She finds peace of mind and is reunited with Angel, when Hardy tears her away with death, typical of tragedy. Othello’s military role and social worth do not majorly affect his relationship. Instead, Iago’s ruthless self-interest in enhancing his own appearance within society and disinterest in the welfare of others, kindles the doubt between Othello and Desdemona. The relationships that collapse are those of the characters whose judgments fail them as another controls them. From the study of these two texts and reference to Pride and Prejudice and The Franklin’s Tale, we can now see that it is more strength of self and mind, than efforts to uphold an appearance, which affects love and relationships within all the texts. Essay -- Compare how Shakespeare and Hardy present situations where their characters’ love and relationships are influenced by the need to uphold appearances within society, with particular reference to Othello and Tess of the d’Urbervilles This essay will explore the social interactions between characters, the effects of appearance on their relationships and how this drives them to make certain decisions. This includes how the claustrophobia of their society is portrayed and its effects through form, style and literary techniques. All four texts explore the conflict between public and private selves. In Othello , Shakespeare reveals the taboo surrounding an interracial sexual relationship between a black man and a white woman during the Sixteenth Century. In Hardy’s Nineteenth Century novel Tess of the d’Urbervilles , we see the clash between sexuality, laws and codes of the time. I will compare these texts to The Franklin’s Tale and Pride and Prejudice , looking at how the rigid codes of courtly love impact on male and female behaviour within relationships and how the social and cultural attitudes and values of Regency England influence young women in their marriage choices. In both primary texts, the parents of the main characters struggle with the practice of exogomein and endogomein. In Othello, Brabantio adopts a motherly role, guiding Desdemona towards an acceptable marriage. Yet the marriage she chooses is exogamous. Brabantio sees through Othello’s high rank, royal blood and Christianity, casting a shadow over the relationship between Othello and his daughter due to Othello’s skin colour, unacceptable within that Venetian society. Desdemona lives within a patriarchal society and is objectified and commodified. Brabantio strugg... ...entally to mete out her demise. Empathy is felt for her as she realises self-worth is the polar opposite to the superficiality of social standing. She finds peace of mind and is reunited with Angel, when Hardy tears her away with death, typical of tragedy. Othello’s military role and social worth do not majorly affect his relationship. Instead, Iago’s ruthless self-interest in enhancing his own appearance within society and disinterest in the welfare of others, kindles the doubt between Othello and Desdemona. The relationships that collapse are those of the characters whose judgments fail them as another controls them. From the study of these two texts and reference to Pride and Prejudice and The Franklin’s Tale, we can now see that it is more strength of self and mind, than efforts to uphold an appearance, which affects love and relationships within all the texts.

What is Art? Essay -- Essays Papers Definition Arts Artistic

What is Art? What a question! This very same topic has been on the minds of many great people for many years. Just what exactly is art? Art is a form of expression. It is beautiful, ugly, tasteful, distasteful, impressionistic, realistic...you get the point. Art is everywhere. It lives in the soul, mind, and even the heart. Art is an outlet for people to express themselves. Art is a way for the human mind to express itself. Even a loud, outgoing person has feelings that they do not feel comfortable sharing with people. These expressions often come out through their art. What is classified as art? Besides the obvious?paintings, drawings, architecture, etc?Art can be dancing, singing, acting, etc. It can be pretty much anything that expresses an idea. Even something as common as speech is art. Everyone speaks with a different voice, and each voice is a piece of art. Art surrounds us. It is encountered so often that often we don?t realize art when we see it. All too often we ignore art. We overlook the ideas and thoughts behind it. Anyone can look at a painting and say ?Wow! That?s beautiful!? How many of us can actually stop and say ?Wow! Now I understand!? Art is around to teach us. We can learn so much about ourselves and the world around us. Many times we create art without a conscious reason. We believe that we are just making a pretty picture. Usually we are expressing a subconscious idea. If take the time to actually analyze and criti...

Figurative Language Essay

Figurative language is used in poems, songs, books, short stories, and in everyday language. The use of similes and hyperboles are able to affect the tone, meaning and theme that better explain the meaning in stories and songs. Figurative language is meant to appeal to the senses in order to provide interest and evoke emotion in what is being read or heard. Alicia Keys, â€Å"This Girl Is On Fire†, is a great example of figurative language. The figurative language in this song provides a respectful and jovial tone, and it also demonstrates the theme of the capability of potential and societies urge to undermine the success of others. The first verse of the song sets the tone of respect and the theme of potential. The first lines of the song use multiple metaphors that read â€Å"She’s just a girl, and she’s on fire. Hotter than a fantasy, longer like a highway. She’s living in a world, and it’s on fire,† which demonstrate how this girl is just an ordinary girl but she has been able to accomplish great things in this competitive world that we live in. The following verse also demonstrates how the ordinary girl has â€Å"stood her ground† in the competitive world. The verse contains an idiom that reads â€Å"Oh, she got both feet on the ground†¦Oh, she got her head in the clouds and she’s not backing down,† which states that the ordinary girl has ideas that may seem unrealistic but she will strive to make these ideas come to life and not just be a daydream. Throughout the song â€Å"This girl is on fire† is repeated, hence it is the chorus. When th e chorus is on, the audience just awaits that powerful note, because throughout the song Alicia Keys puts the most emphasis on these five words. The repetition of that line demonstrates the strength and potential this ordinary girl has. Also the repetition and vibrato behind the chorus, makes the metaphor that much more powerful and believable to the audience; it is able to evoke a sense of hope in the audience for this ordinary girl. The fourth verse of the songs reads â€Å"Looks like a girl, but she’s a flame. So bright, she can burn your eyes. Better look the other way,† which makes a great example of the power this girl has. The combination of a simile and metaphor in the first line portrays that the girl is no ordinary girl. When people look at her, they probably just see an ordinary girl walking the street that might not be doing anything great with her life. But the  metaphor â€Å"she’s a flame† contradicts that completely. Metaphors make stronger comparisons between two things than a simile does. Since the metaphor contradicts the simile, then the metaphor overpowers the simile stating that the girl is not an ordinary girl. The next two lines of the verse put more emphasis on the girl being a flame. The metaphor is a representation of how great the girl is. The fire and flame representing this girl is something uncommon in the competitive world we live in,because as a whole people want to be more successful than others. Therefore her flame â€Å"burns people’s eyes† because they are not prepared for potential within her. The potential behind her is so powerful that people are not able to handle her strength so they â€Å"better look the other way,† or they will get burned by her passion to succeed in life. It is also be another example of how people try to undermine other’s success, but no one will be able to bring down her hope for greatness. The next lines of the verse are a combination of hyperboles and metaphors. â€Å"You can try but you’ll never forget her name. She’s on top of the world. Hottest of the hottest girls say,† these lines demonstrate that she already has achieved some of her goals. The first line is a hyperbole that is also related to the example stated above about how people try to undermine the success of others, but she will not let people take away her success. Therefore even though people might try forget her and the goals she has accomplished, she will not let it happen. Also since â€Å"she is a fire† her success is so great that it would be hard to forget. The metaphor and idiom â€Å"she’s on top of the world† also demonstrates the success that she has achieved. The idiom means that she has reached her goal and succeeded which makes it harder for people to forget her. This is clear because if â€Å"she is on top of the world† then she has made a n ame for herself that has impacted the world and her life immensely. Therefore she will not just be an ordinary girl anymore, and now she will not be overlooked or forgotten. The next verse reads â€Å"Everybody stands, as she goes by. Cause they can see the flame that’s in her eyes. Watch her when she’s lighting up the night,† which is able to demonstrate how people do not view her as an ordinary girl anymore. When people see her they stop to take notice of the greatness that  she has become. The metaphor of â€Å"the flame in her eyes† demonstrates how she is not done trying to achieve her goals.This girl has far more potential left in her and will accomplish them. The next metaphor demonstrates that people now see the hope and potential she has within her. When she reaches the rest of her potential, she will â€Å"night up the light†. The idiom means that the feeling she will feel when she has reached her full potential will be strong enough that people will see how her attitude changes to bright and cheery, and her bright attitude will be able to brighten up the night. The idiom just restates the strength and poten tial this not so ordinary girl has. The figurative language is full of praise for this not so ordinary girl. The explanation of how great and powerful this girl is demonstrates the respect the girl deserves. She was able to reach her goals even though people might not have believed in her. Therefore the tone is evident throughout the whole song, and so are the themes. This girl has reached her full potential and people are now taking notice, so now she will be respected and not forgotten. The figurative language in this song was well combined and well orchestrated to show the theme and tone simultaneously.

Employment Relations Japan Essay

Japanese culture is highly diverse as compared to the other western nations, due to their stringent localized policies and protectionist laws which are meant to protect their local businesses and populace. The culture of the Japanese is deemed as an over-achieving culture with each individual striving to become the best at their chosen work and tasks. Companies across the globe acknowledge that the industries, within which the Japanese enter, become dominated by Japanese companies within the top 3 market positions (Alexander, 2003). The same philosophy is translated into the workforce and even before the Second World War, the Japanese were adopting practices meant to create product quality and best business practices. However, the first disparities amongst the working class and the ruling samurai elite began during the war periods and the people who worked in factories and industries realized the injustice of their working conditions during the war times (Morishima, 1982). The sources in this paper will be books and academic journal extracts which have been stated after considerable time and effort has been involved into the validation of the statements as facts and after they have been approved by other accomplished individuals in the topic. The paper has been divided into 6 basic chapters. The first chapter discusses the development of the employment relations of Japanese businesses and workforce. The history is discussed within this portion of the paper. The second chapter identifies the various labour market parties existing in the Japanese business spheres. The parties are divided along the lines of labor unions, employers’ associations and various state roles in maintaining employment relations. The third chapter of the paper discusses the main employment relations processes in the Japanese organizational structure and talk about topics such as collective bargaining and employee participation and degree of involvement. The next chapter looks at the current trends and future issues pertaining to the employee relations model in Japan and is purely analytical. Finally the summary is included which will provide the concise description of the key findings and the advantages and limitations of the data sources. The bibliography will identify the various sources used in the formulation of this paper. The early organization of workers and employers As discussed earlier, the Japanese society can be divided along the lines of the merchants, traders and businessmen and the samurai class. The two groups were responsible for conducting certain activities and this system was dominant since the pre-world war era. In the post world war era, the borders of Japan opened up considerably and the western styles of management began entering the nation. The USA played an integral role in helping in formulating the new business models for Japan as the western world became very interested in the business potential in the Asian part of the world (Tabb, 1995). A key element to recognize regarding the organizational structures in Japan is that in japanese organizations, even to date, the vertical hierarchy is very important in the business functions and no matter how the company appears to be decentralized, the actuality lies in the fact that employees further down the hierarchy are usually expected to obtain greater responsibility rather than be able to make decisions in a more decentralized role (Tabb, 1995). This notion of vertical hierarchy has prevailed throughout the Japanese organizational culture and played a detrimental role in the evolution of current organizational structures and employee relations models. Recognition of Trade Unions Up till the World War, the Japanese did not look favorably towards the trade unions and the Japanese culture encouraged the owners the right to do as they pleased while maintaining responsibility over their workers. The Japanese culture is centered around the master-worker relationship with the master being responsible for watching out for the benefits of his workers while the workers would be required to fulfill their masters demands unflinchingly. The Fukuzawa and Shibusawa philosophies were particularly centered on the debate regarding this relationship and played an important role in forming organizational structures. Therefore in the pre-world war era the concept of unions was not popular in Japan. However, following the US entry into Japan some changes began to appear in the organizational models. Trade and industrial unions began being fostered under the US supervision and the legal barriers against union formation were abolished. The communists and socialists activists were released from the prisons and this accelerated the number of unions being formed for the protection of the workers against the ruling class and by 1949, a mere 2 years since the movement began, around 34000 unions had been created with around 7 million members in totality (Pempel, 1998). The purpose of the Japanese unions however were not industrial but seemed to be attracted towards political linkages as most unions sided with the Japanese Communist Party and the Japanese Socialist Party and these unions began using their influence towards blackmailing the government through strikes and sit-ins on a fairly regular level (Pempel, 1998). The unions are still politically inclined and unlike the US style, are fairly active in political agendas. Role of the State in the formative period The Sanbetsu Kaigi was a major union which easily rallied workers against the government and the government found that the leftist were using the unions to pressurize the government into meeting their demands by manipulating with the country’s production levels. The government realized that it would need to take matters into its own hands as by the end of 1948, the total production was still only 65% of the level which was produced in 1930-4 (Neary, 2002). The response to this issue came in the form of creating second unions and lock-outs on the part of organizations to decrease the reliance on the trouble-making militant groups. The second unions were more compliant and would be as large as the minimum required number of people to run the factory. The government responded by conducting a â€Å"red purge† which was aimed at removing communist factions from within unions and during the 1950s the government and SCAP (Supreme Commander of the Allied Powers) implemented policies to remove communist members from public posts and universities (Neary, 2002). We can therefore see that the state played a directly involved role in creating the structure of the unions and unlike free market economies where the market pressures dictate formulation of such entities, the government was forming the structures itself. Diversification of Interests and Organizations The trade union movement in Japan was legally liberalized over the next 10 years following the World War. The radical trade union movements which were steeped in leftist ideology were gradually overcome as the employers and organizations tried to maintain communication linkages with the workers and by using the intensive communication and offering humanitarian services. Trade unions in Japan are organized on the enterprise base unlike other countries where the trade unions are usually industrial or craft based (Tsujino, 1992). The enterprise based unions differ from other global unions because the members of this unions wish for the enterprise to succeed as it would result in greater salaries and better workplace atmosphere. Unlike trade unions meant for entire industries, these enterprise based unions have a clearer vision and goal. The Japanese trade unions hence become more employee oriented and lead to greater humanitarian concerns from the organizations. Trade Unions The trade union structure within Japan lies in the manner that the most basic unit is the enterprise trade union. This trade union falls within an industrial federation which is itself affiliated with a general peak union organization (Benson & Zhu, 2008). As of 2005 the number of unions stood at 61,178 which was a decline of 15. 3 percent from 1990. The total number of union members at the time amounted to 10,014,000 which was also a decline in the total number of members since 1990 at a declining rate of 18. 7 percent. The major national peak union federation in Japan is the Japanese Trade Union Confederation (locally known as Rengo) which constitutes 54 industrial union federations (as of 2006). Rengo itself was created in 1987 by a merger between 5 private sector peak union bodies. The unity is sketchy in the union movement and it lacks a unifying factor. Two other major peak union bodies which have surfaced are: the National Confederation of Trade Unions (Zenroren), a militaristic and highly political-agenda union peak body and The National Trade Union Council (Zenrokyo). The total percentage of union members within these 3 bodies amounts to 75. 6% as of 2003 (Benson & Zhu, 2008). Employers’ Associations Associations which are legally recognized by the state are often referred to as Employers’ associations. Unlike other countries, Japan has one major employers’ association which basically covers all the country’s private enterprises under its umbrella. The Japan Federation of Employers’ Associations (Nikkeiren) is the body which represents and coordinates the body dealings with labour and social issues in the state. All the employers’ associations are coordinated within this body and aims to increase cooperation between the associations. Nikkeiren is composed of 47 prefectural and 54 industrial associations and in totality covers around 30,000 corporations. Even though the body does not negotiate on the part of its members, it does take interest in the negotiation process (International Labour Organization, 1994). The role of the state in employment relations Unlike many western countries, the state actively participates in the employment relations and dictates the actions of the organizations and companies in formulating employee relationships and the level of benefits and services to be provided to the employees of an organization. The state keeps a role similar to a guardian as well as a supervising body for the employee relations to be maintained by an organization and the various employers’ associations and trade unions. Due to the turbulent past, the government does not leave the bodies with a free reign and supervises their actions and observes their policies vigilantly. It comes as no surprise then that the state plays a more involved role in Japanese employment relations as compared to that of the role played by Western countries such as USA and UK. Collective Bargaining Collective bargaining has been researched frequently for the context of Japanese businesses. Empirical studies have been conducted in this regard to see the correlation of the collective bargaining technique as a tool for unions with which to deal with labor demands. The evidence proves that there are important implications in the Japanese context regarding the collective bargaining as a tool for negotiations between labor elements and the organizations (Fuess, 2001). Collective bargaining in Japan is practiced at the enterprise level and union level rather than at the national level. Since the state simply plays a decisive role and allows the lower levels to conduct their own processes, enterprise level bargaining and shop floor mechanisms enables the unions and parties to conduct their processes in the most feasible manner (Silva, 1996). Joint consultation systems are practiced in Japan in this regard to facilitate the collective bargaining aspect and to decrease conflicts which may arise within the collective bargaining procedure. This system has proved effective given the country’s culture and organizational structures (Silva, 1996). Employee Participation and Involvement The employees participate on an enterprise level and hence the unions and associations basically constitute a organization specific movement. The enterprises create their own policies and then commonalities are identified which can then be implemented on a wider scale across the national board to maintain some consistency and ensure no injustice is done in certain localities. Since most associations are divided along numerous factors, such as geographical bounds and enterprise level, the nature of participants is mostly small scale. Unlike large union meetings, smaller gatherings of major players are conducted and they decide the direction for the meetings and the outcomes. Rather than a general meeting for all members to be present, Japanese system invites influential people from the associations to represent their parties and groups and to offer suggestions. Involvement is thus lower in Japan when compared to that of trade unions in western cultures and countries such as Germany, Canada, USA and UK. Industrial disputes, strikes and mediating institutions Since the past disputes which resulted in the government to become actively involved in the settlement of trade unions concerns, the Japanese have developed policies and labour laws for the purpose of decreasing the number of strikes and conflict scenarios which may arise between employees and organizations. Unlike the past where production level fell drastically in the 80s and 90s, the Japanese enterprise level unions have been critical in resolving employee concerns as soon as they stem up. Rather than using reactive measures such as lock-outs and firing employees, organizations have adopted preventive measures and ensure systems which would alert warning signals when employees became agitated. The situation can then be quickly resolved and the production levels and employee performance does not suffer so drastically. Economic Integration and Recent Changes The Japanese system of managing their workforce seems stable and has over time evolved to resolve the issues which occasionally arose. The current system is suitable for the local culture and since the Japanese culture is highly collectivist, this system is efficient for handling the specific concerns which arise time and again. The current globalization has led to a deeper interaction with western cultures which are quite different from the local Japanese culture but they have minimal effect as the Japanese culture does not become too effected by this interaction and the local system still suits the organizational structures the best. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS By looking into the Japanese Employment Relation model we have been able to see the gradual transition and development of the employees interactions with organizations and the various entities which play an important role in determining the employee relation policies and practices. The paper has been able to draw a picture of the national situation and has analyzed the employee relations comparing it to western standards creating a better understanding of the local deviation from the western style of handling employee relations. What we have come to understand is that the trade unions are basically a political tool used by the citizenry in manipulating government decisions and this has led to a government vigil over these entities processes. The government closely supervises the enterprises and corporations and has developed a forward integrated union system which works on the enterprise level, hence reducing the damage which may be caused by a revolt or strike by certain workers. The government has divided the entities into miniscule units for closer supervision and has actively participated in monitoring these entities. The sources shed light and support the arguments and facts stated thereby creating a solid argument regarding the employee relation model and consolidating the statements said therein.