Organic Architecture Essay Example

Organic Architecture Essay One of the most striking personalities in the development of early-twentieth century architecture was Frank Lloyd Wright (1867–1959). Wright attended the University of Wisconsin in Madison before moving to Chicago, where he eventually joined the firm headed by Louis Sullivan. Wright set out to create architecture of democracy. Early influences were the volumetric shapes in a set of educational blocks the German educator Friedrich Froebel designed, the organic unity of a Japanese building Wright saw at the Columbian Exposition in Chicago in 1893, and a Jeffersonian belief in individualism and populism. Always a believer in architecture as natural and organic, Wright saw it as serving free individuals who have the right to move within a free space, envisioned as a nonsymmetrical design interacting spatially with its natural surroundings. He sought to develop an organic unity of planning, structure, materials, and site. Wright identified the principle of continuity as fundamental to understanding his view of organic unity: Classic architecture was all fixation. . . . Now why not let walls, ceilings, floors become seen as component parts of each other? . . This ideal, profound in its architectural implications . . . I called . . . continuity. Wright manifested his vigorous originality early, and by 1900 he had arrived at a style entirely his own. In his work during the first decade of the twentieth century, his cross-axial plan and his fabric of continuous roof planes and screens defined a new domestic architecture. Wright fully expressed these elements and concepts in Robie House, b uilt between 1907 and 1909. Like other buildings in the Chicago area he designed at about the same time, this was called a prairie house. Wright conceived the long, sweeping ground-hugging lines, unconfined by abrupt wall limits, as reaching out toward and capturing the expansiveness of the Midwest’s great flatlands. Abandoning all symmetry, the architect eliminated a facade, extended the roofs far beyond the walls, and all but concealed the entrance. Wright filled the wandering plan of the Robie House with intricately joined spaces (some large and open, others closed), grouped freely around a great central fireplace. (He believed strongly in the hearth’s age-old domestic significance. Wright designed enclosed patios, overhanging roofs, and strip windows to provide unexpected light sources and glimpses of the outdoors as people move through the interior space. These elements, together with the open ground plan, create a sense of space-in-motion inside and out. He set m asses and voids in equilibrium; the flow of interior space determined the exterior wall placement. The exterior’s sharp angular planes meet at apparently odd angles, matching the complex play of interior solids, which function not as inert containing surfaces but as elements equivalent in role to the design’s spaces. We will write a custom essay sample on Organic Architecture specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Organic Architecture specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Organic Architecture specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The Robie House is a good example of Wright’s naturalism, his adjusting of a building to its site. However, in this particular case, the confines of the city lot constrained the building-to-site relationship more than did the sites of some of Wright’s more expansive suburban and country homes. The Kaufmann House, nicknamed Fallingwater and designed as a weekend retreat at Bear Run near Pittsburgh, is a prime example of the latter. Perched on a rocky hillside over a small waterfall, this structure extends the Robie House’s blocky masses in all four directions. The contrast in textures between concrete, painted metal, and natural stones in its walls enliven its shapes, as does Wright’s use of full-length strip windows to create a stunning interweaving of interior and exterior space. The implied message of Wright’s new architecture was space, not mass—a space designed to fit the patron’s life and enclosed and divided as required. Wright took special pains to meet his client’s requirements, often designing all the accessories of a house. In the late 1930s, he acted on a cherished dream to provide good architectural design for less prosperous people by adapting the ideas of his prairie house to plans for smaller, less expensive dwellings. The publication of Wright’s plans brought him a measure of fame in Europe, especially in Holland and Germany. The issuance in Berlin in 1910 of a portfolio of his work and an exhibition of his designs the following year stimulated younger architects to adopt some of his ideas about open plans. Some forty years before his career ended, his work was already of revolutionary significance.

Modernism In Photography †Art Essay

Modernism In Photography – Art Essay Free Online Research Papers Modernism In Photography Art Essay Edward Weston’s creative philosophy seems to be about internalising the camera process so that what the artist envisions and what the camera produces are as closely aligned as possible. Unlike pictorialists who personalise the photos after they are taken by applying craft and classically ‘artistic’ effects, Weston in a sense melds the man and machine into one – he talks of â€Å"seeing photographically† – learning to see the subject matter in terms of the tools and processes of the medium, and then use it to portray his personal, subjective view. As such, the photo doesn’t need to be touched up or changed, because it is in itself a faithful representation of the artist’s vision – trying to minimise the discrepancy between the creative idea and its manifestation. So he uses the camera to distil the subject into its basic materiality – black and white gradations, crisp detail, formalistic patterning, flattening of the perspectival plane, concentration on surface – in both the convolutions and detail of the subject, and the glossy surface of the photo, as in Pepper, 1930. This reflects a Modernist, Materialist idea that the ‘essence’ of the subject, its ‘eternal’, ‘universal’ qualities can be accessed through an accurate, sensitive rendering / recording of its features. Research Papers on Modernism In Photography - Art EssayThree Concepts of PsychodynamicHip-Hop is ArtIncorporating Risk and Uncertainty Factor in CapitalAnalysis Of A Cosmetics AdvertisementWhere Wild and West MeetComparison: Letter from Birmingham and CritoMind TravelTrailblazing by Eric AndersonUnreasonable Searches and SeizuresHonest Iagos Truth through Deception

International Migration Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

International Migration - Term Paper Example It is through migration that many international criminals are able to hide their activities. International migration also lead to pressure on social facilities in different countries and this often leads to conflicts between citizens. The entry of illegal immigrants in many countries leads to increase in petty offenders and criminals, when such illegal immigrants are unable to survive or find jobs abroad. The illegal migrants usually hide from the authorities in the host countries and they face cruel treatment but they also are unable to seek justice from the legal systems. Consequently, many criminal activities are committed against them by the citizens of such countries. The security of the host country is threatened when more people that had not been planned for by the security agents in all situations. The security facilities become overstretched and therefore unable to ensure adequate security to all members. Any country may risk capital flight when migrants move resources to th eir countries of origin. Consequently, economic resources are taken out of a country illegally to benefit other countries. Part 2 International migration produces benefits to their home countries and to the host countries depending on many situations. To their countries of origin, the migrants remit finances to their home countries. This often results into large sums of money being sent from well developed counties to developing countries. Such resources help in developing countries from which migrants came. International migration is more hurting to men due to pressure on men to provide in many families. The negative effects of international migration are loss of human resources, and the brain drain when countries lose their highly qualified people to other... The researcher of this term paper discusses international migration, that is the movement of people from one country to another due to many reasons. International migration has consisted of people moving from their country of birth for many reasons and this movement involves millions of people each year. The migrants range from less educated to highly educated professionals who move from their own countries that may have scarce resources. The low skilled workers also move to seek better wages abroad because the benefits outweigh the disadvantages. When people move from one country to another, they enter new countries whose laws they may not understand. Internal migration may also involve individuals whose characters are not known. It is through migration that many international criminals are able to hide their activities. International migration has remained one of the main issues that impact the lives of all people around the globe. International migration, that was discussed in the paper involves many issues that must be considered by those moving to foreign lands. The reseracher then concluds that this international movement of people has both positive and negative consequences to the individuals, their families, and the national economies as well. Legal migration can help boost the lives of individuals when all legal procedures are followed. Iover a million many countries deal with. Many countries have created legal provisions to curb the surge of illegal migrants to their borders.

Constantine the Great Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Constantine the Great - Term Paper Example In 284, the Empire was ruled by General Diocletian and co-Emperor Maximian; Caesares were appointed by leaders, one of them being Constantius. A system known as tetrarchy was implemented which divided the Empire into four territories with one officer assigned to defend each territory. This system became much more efficient in putting the end to the civil wars and the Empire was able to successfully defend against Persian and German raids. The tax system was reformed and the increased revenue allowed the construction of walls and other defenses; by the fourth century the Empire was considered stable. Christians were a minority population and refused to recognize the Roman Empire as a divine entity and would not submit to taxation, sacrifices or imperial service. In 303, Christians were pronounced enemies of the State. Christians were prosecuted in an attempt to force them into loyalty. It was during the campaigns of Diocletian that Constantine gained experience and military training. Constantius died in 306 and the common people declared Constantine as successor though this support and decision was unpopular and not favored by others in the tetrarchy. Constantine married the daughter of Maximian, who was granted shelter at Constantine’s court when he later became enemies with Maxentius. A conference in 308 insisted upon Constantine relinquishing his title of Augustus and return to being only a Caesar but Constantine refused. Maximian made an attempt to gain power and Constantine, upon learning this, immediately marched into Gaul. Maximian either committed suicide or was executed in 310 (â€Å"Emperor Constantine†). Constantine had an amazing vision in which he claimed to see the symbol of Christ shining above the sun, he imagined this to be a divine vision and had his soldiers paint the symbol on their shields. It seemed Constantine’s conversion was genuine and

Multinational Enterprises Essay Example for Free

Multinational Enterprises Essay The needs to fulfill market demands and find new revenue well have driven many corporations in the world to conduct their expansion strategy. One famous way out is to expand into foreign markets while enhancing the brand value in local market. The situation refers to internationalization or globalization in which many companies take the ways in order to boost sales. The situation occurs since nowadays a business operational coverage does not restricted by national boundaries since they can sell their services over the internet under B2B (business-to-business) or B2C (business-to-consumers) schemes. Many factors encourage companies to conduct internationalization; they include the belief that their products are unique and distinctive by any measures, have recognized brands; and possess worldwide distribution channels, technological leadership, and better product value. However, the corporations, often called Multinational Enterprises (MNEs) or Multinational Companies (MNCs), may overlook several considerations when performing internationalization, which in turn prevent the companies to reap the benefits of their foreign market presences. This situation suggests that amidst the attractiveness of providing services or selling products in foreign markets due to their well-recognized brands, companies need to pay attention to external and internal forces in the market since they determine the success of the companies’ international operation. The forces do not only include the technical issue or market knowledge but also supporting issues such as human resources management, cultural issues, and financial issues, to name a few. Concerning business expansion into foreign countries, this paper will discuss several issues relating to marketing Chinese electric bicycle to Perth (Australia). Several issues include economy, technology, legal and political, human resource strategy, and cultural assessment and negotiation, to name a few. 2. Background The background is about the Electric Bicycles that we take from China, import them, and sell the products in Perth (Australia). We also have our own website that we can sell online to people and ship our bicycles to any where in Australia. 3. Economy In CIA Factbook, Australia is regarded as an example of a prosperous Western-style capitalist economy, with a per capita GDP at the level of the four dominant West European economies. Since Australia has many natural resources, the country becomes a major exporter of agricultural products, minerals, metals, and fossil fuels. Commodities account for 57% of the value of total exports, so that a downturn in world commodity prices can have a big impact on the country’s economy. In addition, the report from CIA also notes that Australian government is pushing for increased exports of manufactured goods, but competition in international markets continues to be severe. While Australia has suffered from the low growth and high unemployment characterizing the OECD countries in the early 1990s and during the recent financial problems in East Asia, the economy has expanded at a solid 4% annual growth pace in the last five years. Below is economy figure of Australia.

Absorption Costing: Advantages and Disadvantages

Absorption Costing: Advantages and Disadvantages There are two main costing methods that this company can use, absorption costing and Activity based costing. Absorption costing and Activity based costing (ABC) are two similar systems that are used to assign indirect costs to cost objects. Absorption costing is also called traditional costing; it is more simplistic and uses arbitrary allocation. On the other hand, ABC is more sophisticated and uses cause-and-effect allocation. This report will deal with the different definitions, the history, the advantages and disadvantages of absorption and ABC systems. Then finial a recommendation on which system is better suited for this company. This company needs either of the two costing system because they are useful during planning and budgeting. Furthermore having the systems in place will allow overheads to be charged to services. ABSORPTION COSTING Absorption costing is a method of costing that, in addition to direct costs, assigns all, or a proportion of product overhead costs units by means of one or a number of overhead absorption rates. Cima (2005) Absorption costing systems is a costing system where manufacturing costs are allocated to products and non manufacturing costs are not allocated to the product but charged directly to the profit statement and excluded from the inventory. Drury (2008) Absorption costing is a system in which all the fixed manufacturing overheads are allocated to the products. Drury From all these definitions the Cima definition is the better definition because it mentions most of the key processes that are involved in absorption costing which straight away gives you an idea of what absorption costing is. The other definitions are also good as they state some processes involved in absorption but Cima puts the definition in a more understandable way. History This costing system was developed decades ago when companies were much smaller and had less overhead costs. During the time this system was developed there were mostly industrial companies which made this system suitable to assign costs to cost objects. How it works This company currently operates under absorption costing system for working out overheads for their services. Working out absorption costing involves a two stage process. Stage one considering the allocation and apportionment of indirect costs to service and production cost centres and then apportionment of the service department to production department. Allocation is the process of estimating the cost of resources consumed by a product that does not use direct measures. This process deals with overheads that can be directly assigned to cost centres without the need to be apportioned. Cost apportionment is a process of charging indirect costs to cost centres that cant be directly allocated. Service department overheads are transferred to the production department so they can be covered. Stage two works out the absorption rates that are then used to charge overheads to cost objects. The absorption rate worked out is used to calculate the total overheads of a product. From all these three stages only allocation is used in ABC. There are advantages and disadvantages of absorption costing: Advantages Inexpensive and simple to operate. Absorption costing is simple to operate which makes it less expensive to operate. This is good for the company as it allows them to reduce their costs and understand what they are doing. Disadvantages Less accurate. Its good that the system is simple, but this makes it less accurate when charging costs to cost objects because of the intensive use of arbitrary allocation. Arbitrary allocation is when an allocation base used is not a considerable determinant of its cost. Not knowing all the exact causes of certain costs will make it difficult during planning and budgeting. Absorption costing emphasises on variable and fixed costs. This makes it difficult for the company to use information from this system for decision making; its not detailed enough to help the business make predictions or budgets. ACTIVITY BASED COSTING Different sources define ABC in different ways: An approach to the costing and monitoring of activities which involves tracing resource consumption and costing final outputs. Resources are assigned to activities, and activities to cost objects based on consumption estimates. The latter utilise cost drivers to attach activity costs to outputs. Cima terminology Activity based costing is a refinement of absorption costing that aims to charge overhead costs in much more detail so that the overhead cost can be charged on the basis of a cost driver. Drury (2005) Between these two definitions Cima definition clearly states what ABC is all about and mentions cost drivers which are a key area of this system. While the other definition does not specifically state what is involved in ABC e.g. cost drivers though it does point out that its similar to absorption costing. Overall, the Cima definition is better as it is a more detail explanation. History ABC system was developed when the current system then (absorption costing) was becoming less useful for assigning costs to products in the changing business environment. In the 1980s companies begun to increase in size and producing wider product ranges and services. Information processing costs were high, which made it difficult for sophisticated overhead allocation methods to be justified. There was an increasing demand for more accurate product costs; this led to the introduction of the ABC system. Cooper and Kaplan conceptualised the ideas behind this system as a way of trying to improve the accuracy of the charge made to cost objects in complex business environments. How it works ABC system is worked out differently compared to absorption costing. They both use the two stage allocation process to assign overheads to cost objects. First stage overheads are assigned to cost centres and in the second stage the cost accumulated in the cost centres are allocated to cost objects. ABC differs from absorption costing by having more cost centres in the first stage and a greater variety of cost drivers in the second stage. Exhibit 1 shows an example of a companys annual overhead costs which i will use to how ABC works. Similarly to absorption costing, an overhead analysis sheet is produced where overheads are allocated to cost centres. This is shown in exhibit 2. Then activities are identified for each cost. From exhibit 3 column A, you can see that there are lots of activities that have been identified from major activities e.g. General factory support. The costs created over a specific period have to be assigned to the activities. When costs are accumulated by activities they are called activity cost drivers. Activity cost drivers have to be selected for each activity centre in order to assign the cost attached to products. In exhibit 3-column C and D you can see the activity cost drivers and the cost they each accumulate. Cost driver rates are worked out for each activity. Finally, the cost driver rates are applied to products. In exhibit 4 there is an example of Product G that is produced and uses various activity cost drivers and cost driver rates are applied. There are advantages and disadvantages of having ABC in place, these are: Advantages Helps identify unprofitable items from the product line. This will allow the company to make changes to their production, and improve their efficiency. Removing these unprofitable items reduces un-necessary costs the company maybe encountering. Also it enables the company to increase its profit without the need to increase prices. Provides quantifiable figures for planning and estimates. ABC identifies all the different cost drivers that contribute to the total overheads of producing a product or service. This will help when giving quotes to customers as well as for the business to see if taking up a certain project will be profitable to them. ABC uses a large number of cost centres in the first stage and a greater variety of allocation bases in the second stage. This makes the system accurate at charging overheads to products. Accurate cost charges to products or a service reduces the risk of making a loss if the right amount is not charged. Disadvantages Expensive to operate. The complexity of this costing system makes it expensive to operate compared to other alternatives. The business will have to invest time and resources in order for them to identify the cost drivers. E.g. one of the steps needed to identify cost drivers is to interview staff and have them fill in time sheets. This process will reduce the production time available to the company. Time consuming. Using ABC is a very long process and requires a lot of information to implement; this is time consuming for the company and its staff. There is too much attention to detail and control. Sometimes paying close attention to detail might make it difficult for the company to see the bigger picture or make the firm lose sight of strategic objectives just to seek for small savings. It may be difficult to implement. In service companies there are costs that are difficult to allocate to specific service units and service department, staff often get involved in many non informal activities which may be challenging to record cost data. Recommendations Given that the company supplies services to government bodies and operates under absorption costing, I recommend that we should change the costing system to ABC as it will be more suitable for the company. This costing system may be difficult to implement in service companies but it shows the company more detail of the various costs involved in each service they provide which is essential during decision making and planning. To implement ABC there certain things the business will have to do: Proper planning and commitment from staff, carrying out a pilot study first may be vital. This will provide information about whether having ABC will be a benefit to the company. A team will have to be set-up that will be responsible for determining which activities are necessary for the services. The team should be made up of experts from different departments of the company and a consultant from outside can be used. Having individuals from different allows accurate identification of overheads involved.5 When a team has been assembled, elements of each activity that cost money are determined. Attention to detail is vital as some costs are hidden. Once all the costs have been identified and recorded, they have to be put in a computer system. After the business has had enough time to analyze the data they can use the information in various ways e.g. working out total overheads for each service. Conclusion Absorption costing has been around for a long time, ABC was developed as an improvement of absorption costing. ABC is a more accurate costing system compared to absorption costing as it looks at individual activities that contribute to the total overheads, while absorption costing looks at departments. Having looked at both advantages and disadvantage of the two costing systems it is clear that even though they are similar they have significant differences. I have recommended that we introduce ABC, it will be a huge benefit for the company as it will decrease the number of errors made during costing.

Average Age of First-time Homeowners Essay

The U.S. homeownership rate fell to the lowest level in 15 years in the first quarter of 2012, as borrowers lost homes to foreclosure and tighter inventory and credit kept buyers off the market. (Gittelsohn, 2012). The Census Bureau reported a rate dropped to 65.4 percent from 66 percent in the fourth quarter of 2011. According to the Census Bureau in June 2004 there was a record of 69.2 rates for homeownership. In 1960 the average age of a first-time homeowner was 24-25, according to David Berson in the journal Business Economics (Edwards, 2011). Now, the ages at which people purchase homes are higher. The average age for homeowners was 34, according to the most recent American Housing Survey data collected in 2009 (Edwards, 2011). There has been a trend toward renting among the younger generation. A study by the John Burns Real Estate Consulting firm predicts the homeownership rate for people between 25 to 34-years-olds will continue decreasing though 2015 (Walsh, 2012). According to this study the number of first-time home buyers has dropped 20 percent since 2009. There is a variety of reasons why young people are not buying homes anymore. People aged 25 to 34 is averaging 8.2 percent unemployment rate (Walsh, 2012). This generation is also getting higher-than-ever student loan debt and low wages. Many young people, who have a decent job, are trying to pay down debt instead of getting more. Federal student loans have bloated 360 percent since the beginning of the recession, with the average student debt held by someone who graduate in 2010 at $25, 250 (Walsh, 2012). Homes prices are still relative high to pay. The interest for mortgages are as low as 3.87 percent (reported in February 2012), the lowest levels in the last four decades, but due to the countless loans default in 2000s it made the banks stricter and increased the requirements for mortgages when compared to previous years. (Edwards, 2011) Also, young people don’t see buying a home as investment anymore, they are afraid that their home won’t be worth what they paid for in the future. A lot of people used to use terms such as â€Å"starter home†, to buy their first home, own it for a few years, resell it and make a profit out of it, then to move into their â€Å"dream home†. Due to the economy crash and the employment rate so high on younger ages, younger people no longer see purchasing a home as a good investment. They are afraid that they might lose their job and have to relocate or not be able to afford their home anymore. As time keeps moving on, young people are more afraid in buying, they are afraid that their property will lose its value and unable to get any type of money back if they decide to sell. According to the research done by Grace Bucchianeri, Homeowners are not happier because of financial stress. Other reasons such as the average age of marriage may influence a decision of purchasing a home. The average age of marriage is currently 26.1, according to the U. S Bureau of Census. This is a huge jump compare to 1960 which the average marriage age was 20.3. The young generation seems to be more focus in other things that making a family and settle down. The U.S. apartment vacancy rate fell to 4.9 percent in the first quarter of 2012. In 2011 the rate was 9.7 percent for vacancy rate. There has been a dramatic increase on rentals according to the Census Bureau. With this big growth in apartment rentals, the multifamily housing development in June 2012 was up 63 percent from a year earlier. The industry is expected to hit over 1 million new apartments by 2015 (Walsh, 2012). Young people opt in to do short leases because they want and like the flexibility to pick up if a job arises or in the worst case scenario move back home if their job is eliminated. Some people believe that buying a house is a waste of time and money. People think that renting a period of 30 years you might save the money you are putting down for the house and all the money for the closing cost, maintenance and so on. It could save you up to $90,000 in a 30 years lap if you only rent a property (Stoffel, 2012). For some people there is stuff that money can’t buy such as stability or emotional benefits. At the end it depends on the person and the type of life they decide to have. Some people hate commitments other people have a dream of having a house and owning a piece of territory. In a recent study done by Brian J. McCabe from New York University, shows that people that own their home are more likely to vote compare to renters. Homeowners feel stronger ties to their communities. They are willing to participate more in organizations that could benefit their community. It shows that the homeownership is mediated by both stability and income. It is possible that citizens most likely to become involved in civic affairs are also those most likely to become homeowners. According to some researchers, the market will turn around—eventually. The young people will start getting older and will settle down. They will start getting married and forming a family and would like to be part of a community. When the house buying market starts increasing the back requirements will start loosen up. Banks will be more flexible when making loans. Works Cited Bucchianeri, G. W. (2011). The American Dream of The American Dilusion? The Private and External Benefits of Homeownership , 1-38. Edwards, E. (2011, October 11). The Universe. Retrieved August 2, 2012, from http://universe.byu.edu Gittelsohn, J. (2012, April 30). Bloomberg. Retrieved June 2, 2012, from Bloomberg News: http://www.bloomberg.com McCabe, B. J. (2011). Are Homeowners Better Citizens? 1-47. Stoffel, B. (2012, March 8). DailyFinance. Retrieved June 2, 2012, from http://dailyfinance.com Walsh, M. (2012, July 16). Business Week. Retrieved July 2, 2012, from http://businessweek.com

Dr. Seuss’s the Sneetches

The Sneetches Book Analysis By: Matthew Strong The Sneetches by Dr. Seuss is the title story in a playfully written series of short stories that subtly illustrate very crucial moral and social issues that are still very relevant in today’s society, despite the book being published in 1961. Now, obviously this story can be read for sheer pleasure, however upon rereading it as an adult I, walked away with a much more profound enlightenment at the overall message conveyed by The Sneetches. There are multiple dilemmas/ social issues that significantly stand out, and these will be the ones addressed and analyzed in more depth.Issues such as racism and the keeping up with the Joneses mentality that is so prevalent in today’s consumerist society. Of course these are not the only issues brought up within The Sneetches, but simply the ones that I feel are conveyed the strongest by Dr. Seuss through his illustrations and his obscure, yet delightful use of literature that has made him such a world renowned author of children’s books. Keeping up with the Joneses is a popular term that summarizes the widespread and cyclical effect of defining oneself by what they possess, in an effort to reach a higher social status.Dr. Seuss precipitates this effect by introducing the very clearly spoken and keen character of Sylvester McMonkey McBean (Giesel, 9). After effectively raising the social status of the Plain-Bellied Sneetches by adding a star to their bellies he immediately initiate’s the consumerist cycle by stating, â€Å"belly stars are no longer in style† (Giesel, 17). Dr. Seuss illustrates the ensuing dilemma that perfectly depicts the desire to achieve social and cultural superiority by the Sneetches, while also detailing Sylvester McMonkey McBean amassing a large fortune in the background (Giesel, 20).The character of Sylvester McMonkey McBean represents an uncanny similarity to that of the big business industries that use consumerism a s a means to control the buying public. He continually raises his prices and dictates the newest trends so that the Sneetches raced through the machines constantly changing their stars every minute or two (Giesel, 22). Dr. Seuss is discreetly pointing out that by constantly defining our social status by what we possess, we will inherently ause conflict and unfortunately in today’s consumerist society, there will always be people who take advantage of humanities desire to define ourselves for a profit. Racism is arguably the most prominent moral issue portrayed within The Sneetches. Dr. Seuss almost immediately starts off the story with a seemingly irrelevant difference between two otherwise indistinguishable Sneetches. The line â€Å"Those stars weren’t so big. They were really so small, you might think such a thing didn’t matter at all† (Giesel, 3) is used to foreshadow how such a small star will have such a vast impact throughout the story.Racism can be defined in many ways, however in this context it can be put simply as a belief that members of a certain race possess characteristics that they use to distinguish themselves from another race, in an effort to be perceived as superior. I see the theme of racism throughout the entire story but it is most evident in the first few pages, where as a reader you become acclimated to the fact that the Star-Bellied Sneetches truly do believe they are more privileged by the way that they carry themselves with their snoots in the air and such a pretentious demeanour (Giesel, 4).Dr. Seuss further emphasizes this belief of superiority during the following paragraphs when he describes how the Plain-Belly Sneetches were not allowed to join in games of ball or attend parties and picnics hosted by the Star-Belly Sneetches. The Plain-Belly Sneetches remain depressed and oppressed, clear indicators that the factors of racism have been evidently established between the two types of Sneetches for a lon g period of time. Dr.Seuss uses very thin horizontal and diagonal lines to really capture the energy and excitement of the Star-Bellied Sneetches, while also using the same technique to convey the depressed and divided mood of the Plain-Bellied Sneetches (Giesel, 6). Furthermore, Dr. Seuss practically reverses the colour palate from the previous pages to strengthen the emotion displayed by the two types of Sneetches (Giesel, 7). The illustrations on pages six and seven compliment the text perfectly as Dr. Seuss describes how deep rooted and developed the segregation between the Sneetches truly is when he says â€Å"They left them out cold, in the dark of the beaches.They kept them away. Never let them come near. And that’s how they treated them year after year† (Giesel, 7). It is with that paragraph that Dr. Seuss used seemingly primitive imaginary creatures to emphasize a very realistic and relevant human rights issue. Racism and all of its awful subcategories such as prejudice, discrimination and segregation don’t emerge overnight; they are the result of a small-minded belief that has cultivated and grown over time like an untreated disease. Although The Sneetches is a beloved children’s book, Dr. Seuss is conveying a valuable message for all ages.With his iconic use of subtle metaphors, he is saying to not allow our trivial differences act as dividing lines in society, and that the human race can exist peacefully despite our exterior differences. Through playful commentary and relatively simplistic illustrations Dr. Seuss is able to send a very subtle, yet powerful message to the readers of The Sneetches. It becomes vividly apparent and shockingly unfortunate that a story published in 1961 can still address so many moral and social issues that are still very relevant in today’s society. Disguised as a children’s story, Dr.Seuss has conveyed very valuable lessons in racism and the desire to define ourselves by what w e possess. We are all born with innocence to the world, and therefore, how we identify ourselves, and tolerance towards others are all qualities that are taught. The overall message of this story is aimed at the adults who will be reading The Sneetches to the children of today/ tomorrow. To teach them to accept others for who they are because we are all but one component of the greater human race. Works Cited Giesel, Theodor Seuss. The Sneetches And Other Stories. New York: Random House Children’s Books, 1961. Print.

Sculpture and Installation Essay

Sculpture and Installation Essay Sculpture and Installation Essay Module 4: Additional Teachers Notes: Sculpture and Installation These Teachers’ Notes are for use with Tate Tools Module 4 – Sculpture and Installation. You can print out these Teachers’ Notes to use alongside the PowerPoint. The PowerPoint will include a section with brief bullet points to remind you of the main activities and discussion elements for each slide. Slide 1: Sculpture and Installation Set up the PowerPoint to this title page to start the lesson. This module will introduce students to the expanded fields of sculpture and installation and develop their confidence in thinking and talking about these media, using a range of skills and strategies for learning, including Tate's ‘Ways of Looking', which have been developed through Tate Tools Modules 1-3. Taking traditional bronze-cast work as a starting point, students will explore the changing role of sculpture through investigation into materials and techniques, the permanence or temporary nature of sculpture, and what makes a work ‘site-specific'. Using exciting and challenging works, this module goes on to look at installation art, inviting students to discuss and explore how artists make use of space and unusual materials in order to convey meaning. Slide 2: What is sculpture? 1. Discussion: What is sculpture? Sculpture can be found in many forms and made from a diverse, and often unexpected, range of materials. At the start of the twentieth century, more traditional media and techniques were used, such as bronze casting or stone carving. Today, artists use anything to make sculpture, including everyday found objects and light and sound, and they often use manufacturing processes in making their work. The traditional definition of sculpture is taken to be 3D work which can be seen ‘in the round’ or in relief, created using materials shaped primarily by the artist. Sculpture needs to be experienced in the round and therefore demands that we walk around it and view it from different angles: from each side, from above, from below or through the middle. This more physical relationship brings questions to mind as we look. As sculpture evolved, by the 1970s artists had begun to use sound and light in their work, causing the definition of sculpture to expand beyond physical materials. Discuss with your group about what they think sculpture is and how it is made. Discussion should develop out of their own experience of using different processes and techniques in creating their own sculptures, as well as from sculptures that they have seen. Ask them to name as many kinds of materials and processes as possible that they think a sculptor might use. Some questions to ask about sculpture include: What do you think sculpture can look like? How big or small can it be? What kinds of shapes and textures can make up a sculpture? What can it be made of? How can it be made? What can it be about? What sculptures can you think of? Where can sculpture be found? How can it be displayed? Who can create a sculpture? The sculpture shown on this slide is Pelagos (1946) by Barbara Hepworth, who used wood and strings to create the piece. Slide 3: Looking at sculpture Discussion: What questions can we ask when looking at sculpture? Activity: Class sculptures 1. Discussion: What questions can we ask when looking at sculpture? Look at the two sculptures pictured here – The Kiss (1901-4) by Auguste Rodin and Your Are Driving a Volvo (1996) by Julian Opie. What are the similarities and differences? Questions to ask: What do you think it might be about? What is your first one-word response? How does it make you feel? How do you think it was made? What materials do you think were used? What is it made of? Do you know of any artists who work in this medium today? What tools do you think the artist used? What techniques? When do you think it was

Heat Transfer Radiation Lab Report Essay Example

Heat Transfer Radiation Lab Report Essay Example Heat Transfer Radiation Lab Report Paper Heat Transfer Radiation Lab Report Paper Natural convection is more prevalent at lower temperatures whereas radiation is more prevalent at higher temperatures Possible Sources of error: conduction from the heated cylinder to its housing tube changes in ambient temperature Variations in surface temperature Heat Transfer by Convection and uses possible Heat typically does not flow through liquids and gases by means of conduction. Liquids and gases are fluids; their particles are not fixed in place; they move bout the bulk of the sample of matter. The model used for explaining heat transfer through the bulk of liquids and gases involves convection. Convection is the process of heat transfer from one location to the next by the movement of fluids. The moving fluid carries energy with it. The fluid flows from a high temperature location to a low temperature location. [pica] (Images courtesy Peter Lewis and Chris West of Standards SLACK. ) To understand convection in fluids, Consider the heat transfer through the water that is being heated in a pot on a stove. The source of the heat is the stove burner. The metal pot that holds the water is heated by the stove burner. As the metal becomes hot, it begins to conduct heat to the water. The water at the boundary with the metal pan becomes hot. Fluids expand when heated and become less dense. So as the water at the bottom of the pot becomes hot, its density decreases. The differences in water density between the bottom of the pot, and the top of the pot results in the gradual formation of circulation currents. Hot water begins to rise to the top of the pot displacing the colder water that was originally there. And the colder water that was present at the pop of the pot moves towards the bottom of the pot where it is heated and begins to rise. These circulation currents slowly develop over time, providing the pathway for heated water to transfer energy from the bottom of the pot to the surface. Convection also explains how an electric heater placed on the floor of a cold room warms up the air in the room. Air present near the coils of the heater warm up. As the air warms up, it expands, becomes less dense and begins to rise. As the hot air rises, it pushes some of the cold air near the top of the room out of the way. The cold air moves towards the bottom of the room to place the hot air that has risen. As the colder air approaches the heater at the bottom of the room, it becomes warmed by the heater and begins to rise. Once more, convection currents are slowly formed. Air travels along these pathways, carrying energy with it from the heater throughout the room. Convection is the main method of heat transfer in fluids such as water and air. It is often said that heat rises in these situations. The more appropriate explanation is to say that heated fluid rises. For instance, as the heated air rises from the heater on a floor, it carries more energetic particles with it. As the more energetic particles of the heated air mix with the cooler air near the ceiling, the average kinetic energy of the air near the top of the room increases. This increase in the average kinetic energy corresponds to an increase in temperature. The net result of the rising hot fluid is the transfer of heat from one location to another location. The convection method of heat transfer always involves the transfer of heat by the movement of matter. The two examples of convection discussed here heating water in a pot and heating air in a room are examples of natural convection. The riving force of the circulation of fluid is natural differences in density between two locations as the result of fluid being heated at some source. (Some sources introduce the concept of buoyant forces to explain why the heated fluids rise. We will not pursue such explanations here. ) Natural convection is common in nature. The earths oceans and atmosphere are heated by natural convection. In contrast to natural convection, forced convection involves fluid being forced from one location to another by fans, pumps and other devices. Many home heating systems involve force air heating. Air is heated at a furnace and blown by fans through ductwork and released into rooms at vent locations. This is an example of forced convection. The movement of the fluid from the hot location (near the furnace) to the cool location (the rooms throughout the house) is driven or forced by a fan. Some ovens are forced convection ovens; they have fans that blow heated air from a heat source into the oven. Some fireplaces enhance the heating ability of the fire by blowing heated air from the fireplace unit into the adjacent room. This is another example of forced convection. Heat Transfer by Radiation A final method of heat transfer involves radiation. Radiation is the transfer of heat by means of electromagnetic waves. To radiate means to send out or spread from a central location. Whether it is light, sound, waves, rays, flower petals, wheel spokes or pain, if something radiates then it protrudes or spreads outward from an origin. The transfer of heat by radiation involves the carrying of energy from an origin to the space surrounding it. The energy is carried by electromagnetic waves and does not involve the movement or the interaction of matter. Thermal radiation can occur through matter or through a region of pace that is void of matter (i. E. , a vacuum). In fact, the heat received on Earth from the sun is the result of electromagnetic waves traveling through the void of space between the Earth and the sun. All objects radiate energy in the form of electromagnetic waves. The rate at which this energy is released is proportional to the Kelvin temperature (T) raised to the fourth power. Radiation rate = kit (Images courtesy Peter Lewis and Chris West of Standards SLACK. ) The hotter the object, the more it radiates. The sun obviously radiates off more energy than a hot mug of coffee. The temperature also affects the wavelength and frequency of the radiated waves. Objects at typical room temperatures radiate energy as infrared waves. Being invisible to the human eye, we do not see this form of radiation. An infrared camera is capable of detecting such radiation. Perhaps you have seen thermal photographs or videos of the radiation surrounding a person or animal or a hot mug of coffee or the Earth. The energy radiated from an object is usually a collection or range of wavelengths. This is usually referred to as an emission spectrum. As the temperature of an object increases, the avalanches within the spectra of the emitted radiation also decrease. Hotter objects tend to emit shorter wavelength, higher frequency radiation. The coils of an electric toaster are considerably hotter than room temperature and emit electromagnetic radiation in the visible spectrum. Fortunately, this provides a convenient warning to its users that the coils are hot. The tungsten filament of an incandescent light bulb emits electromagnetic radiation in the visible (and beyond) range. This radiation not only allows us to see, it also warms the glass bulb that contains the filament. Put your hand near the bulb (without touching it)

US Drop the Atomic Bombs on Japan to Put an Immediate End to the War Research Paper

US Drop the Atomic Bombs on Japan to Put an Immediate End to the War - Research Paper Example The emotions were not confined to slogans only; the Japanese military had already issued the order to execute all Allied prisoners if there was an  invasion (Jowett & Andrew, 2002). Finally, Anami's debates were overpowered when  Emperor Hirohito  directly asked to end the war himself (Toland & John, 1982). People who slant the decision of nuclear bombings are well in numbers. Among them are numerous US military leaders as well as ex-president  Herbert Hoover. And they move for the notion that the nuclear bombing was simply an addition to an already violent bombing campaign (Wilson, 2007).   The bombing campaign along with the sea blockade and the downfall of Germany (with its effects regarding relocation of troops), would also have brought Japanese administration to surrender, therefore proving that the atomic bombings were unnecessary from a strategic point of view. On the opposing side Kyoko Iriye Selden stated; "The most influential text is  Truman's 1955  Memoirs, which states that the atomic bomb probably saved half a million US lives— anticipated casualties in an Allied invasion of Japan planned for November.  Stimson  subsequently talked of saving one million US casualties, and  Churchill  of saving one million American and half that number of British lives" (Selden, 1989). In one sentence, the US dropped the nuclear bombs on Japan to put an instant end to World War II. The USA was intending to conquer Japan to placate it. Iwo Jima and Okinawa in particular, were unfathomably blood-spattered skirmishes. Japan didn’t care for its own citizens' lives and intended to transform their whole island into a battle fort. It was assessed that fatalities would be 1 million Americans and 500,000 British in the just the first invasion. Some skeptics say that it was used it to scare USSR as well, but there is no denying that they overlooked the final warning on 27 July 1945 after suffering the worst regular bombs could do. Debate rests that ‘The Bomb’ actually saved Japanese and allied lives. The Allies asked for absolute capitulation of the Axis. The Allies, commanded by the United States, pushed back the Japanese expansion one island after another in the Pacific. When Guam was captured, the Allies had strong barracks from which they would start the assault. The assessment of American losses for an invasion of Japan was over 1 million US citizens and soldiers, or perhaps, over 2 million Americans. The United States dropped down two atom bombs to save US citizens and accelerate the end of the war. Before dropping the atomic bomb, Japan was given warnings to surrender or suffer dire penalties. But the government of Japan put aside the warnings. While the use of nuclear bomb was a tactical and warfare turning point in both the WWII and all future political actions, there were more people slain, mutilated, and incapacitated during the Tokyo firebombing campaigns than when the US dropped the atomic bomb on Hiroshima and Nagasaki. This act was done to lure Japan to submit without further hostile actions. And in fact Japan did surrender speedily therefore saving almost 100,000 American soldiers and possibly over 1,000,000 Japanese who would have perished if the US had waged a conventional attack on Japan. The Allies engaged atomic weaponries to hit Japan so that it won’t ge t up too soon. The Japanese were invading the US soil and that US had every right to defend itself. A fight-back from the US was inevitable. This argument can take any form and shape. For instance, if the US had been invading Japan, every

HW Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 8

HW - Essay Example C. The descriptive statistic can be obtained using the corresponding option in Excel Data Toolkit (Anderson, Sweeney, Williams, Camm, and Cochrane, 2015). The results are given in the table below. The mean and the median are close to each other, and the skewness is not significant. The stem and leaf diagram shows that the largest number of results is between 2700 and 2800, which is close to the mean value. The data distribution is close to normal with left skewness. D. To develop the table of frequencies the number of classes and class range has to be defined. The number of classes can be defined as a square root of the number of measurements. As N = 41, the number of classes will be 6.4, which is rounded to 7. The class width is found dividing range by the number of classes. Thus, the class range is 2514,643/7 = 359,23 (rounded to 359). The class midpoint is found as the sum of upper and lower boundaries of the class divided by 2. Relative frequency is obtained dividing frequency on the total number of measurements. Cumulative relative frequency is defined as a sum of frequencies for the data smaller than upper boundary of the class (Mendenhall, Beaver, and Beaver, 2013). E. 1. The histogram is built in the coordinates of class midpoint – frequency. The histogram supports the statement that the data distribution is left-skewed. The histogram also confirms that the range between 2700 and 2800 contains the largest number of measurements. 2. Ogive can be built in coordinates cumulaive (or cumulative relative) frequency – upper class bouunbary (Mendenhall, Beaver, and Beaver, 2013). The ogive shows that the small number of data is located in the range between 3500 and 4500. This also supports the statement about left skewness of the data. The highest increase of the frequency is in the range